“…To tackle such challenges, in IR literature, a dozen of works have introduced several effective similarity measures for text clustering and classification ( Amer & Abdalla, 2020 ; Oghbaie & Mohammadi Zanjireh, 2018 ; Sohangir & Wang, 2017 ; Lin, Jiang & Lee, 2014 ; Shahmirzadi, Lugowski & Younge, 2019 ; Ke, 2017 ; White & Jose, 2004 ; Lakshmi & Baskar, 2021 ; Kotte, Rajavelu & Rajsingh, 2020 ; Thompson, Panchev & Oakes, 2015 ). However, except for Amer & Abdalla (2020) , these studies proposed similarity measures without providing sufficient insights into run-time efficiency.…”