A silicon-based, three-dimensional neural interface: manufacturing processes for an intracortical electrode array

Campbell, Patrick; Jones, K.E.; Huber, Robert J.; Horch, K.W.; Normann, Richard A.

doi:10.1109/10.83588

Cited by 746 publications

(471 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The NeuroPort electrode array, 1 mm in length, was placed in layers II/III of the middle temporal gyrus in all three patients. This array is silicon-based, made up of 96 microelectrodes with 400-μm spacing, covering an area of 4 × 4 mm (40). A total of four nights of natural sleep were examined (one night for two of the patients, two nights for the other patient).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal dynamics of neocortical excitation and inhibition during human sleep

Peyrache

Dehghani

Eskandar

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

172

230

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Intracranial recording is an important diagnostic method routinely used in a number of neurological monitoring scenarios. In recent years, advancements in such recordings have been extended to include unit activity of an ensemble of neurons. However, a detailed functional characterization of excitatory and inhibitory cells has not been attempted in human neocortex, particularly during the sleep state. Here, we report that such feature discrimination is possible from high-density recordings in the neocortex by using 2D multielectrode arrays. Successful separation of regular-spiking neurons (or bursting cells) from fast-spiking cells resulted in well-defined clusters that each showed unique intrinsic firing properties. The high density of the array, which allowed recording from a large number of cells (up to 90), helped us to identify apparent monosynaptic connections, confirming the excitatory and inhibitory nature of regular-spiking and fast-spiking cells, thus categorized as putative pyramidal cells and interneurons, respectively. Finally, we investigated the dynamics of correlations within each class. A marked exponential decay with distance was observed in the case of excitatory but not for inhibitory cells. Although the amplitude of that decline depended on the timescale at which the correlations were computed, the spatial constant did not. Furthermore, this spatial constant is compatible with the typical size of human columnar organization. These findings provide a detailed characterization of neuronal activity, functional connectivity at the microcircuit level, and the interplay of excitation and inhibition in the human neocortex.spontaneous activity | ensemble recordings | single unit | functional dynamics F rom columnar microcircuits (1-3) to higher-order neuronal functional units, neocortical dynamics are characterized by a large range of spatial and temporal scales (4, 5). Recent technical improvements have allowed the nature of these dynamics in the human brain to be directly explored: Single-neuron activity in conjunction with local field potentials (LFPs) can be detected from the cerebral cortex and hippocampus in the course of intense monitoring of brain activity before surgical treatment of epileptic foci (6). Modern electrode systems provide the possibility of extracellular recordings of neuronal ensembles by using either microwires (7) or high-density microelectrode arrays (8,9). Prior efforts have demonstrated excellent recordings of single-neuron activity in human cerebral cortex (10-12).Separation of units between "regular-spiking" (RS) and "fastspiking" (FS) neurons, presumably excitatory (pyramidal) and inhibitory (interneuron) cells, respectively, is commonly practiced in animal experiments. In the neocortex of various mammalian species, RS and FS cells can be reliably separated based on spike waveform, duration, and firing rates (13,14). Similar criteria were also used to successfully separate units into putative pyramidal (Pyr) cells and inhibitory interneurons (Int) in human hippocampus...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal dynamics of neocortical excitation and inhibition during human sleep

Peyrache

Dehghani

Eskandar

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

172

230

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“…(Right) A scanning electron micrograph image of the Utah Slanted Electrode Array. Image reproduced from [50] The Utah Electrode Array (UEA) [51,52] has been used as a base for a number of modified systems and is extremely popular due to its reproducibility and high electrode density. A UAE is typically an array of 10 x 10 electrodes machined from a monocrystalline block of silicon.…”

Section: Michigan Probementioning

confidence: 99%

Implanted intracortical electrodes as chronic neural interfaces to the central nervous system

Henderson

2015

Preprint

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Recent developments in neural interfaces show that it is possible to have fine control of a robotic prosthetic by interfacing with the motor cortex of the human brain. Development of long term systems for this purpose is a challenging task with many different possibilities. Intracortical implants have shown the most promise in providing enough signal selectivity and throughput for complex control systems with many degrees of freedom. Intracortical systems generally fall into two categories: MEMS devices and bundle of wire systems. While both show promise, MEMS systems have been greatly popularized due to their reproducibility. In particular, the Michigan probe and Utah microarray are often used as a base for construction of more complex intracortical systems. However, these systems still carry many downsides. Their long-term viability is questionable, with mixed results. The effects of damage from implantation are still inconclusive and immune responses remain a problem for long-term use. While there is some promising research in the use of bioactive molecules and biocompatible materials to prevent immune responses, more controlled study is needed before intracortical systems become widespread.

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“…The "Michigan Probe" [5;6] and the "Utah Array" [7] are without doubt the best known penetrating electrode arrays. However, new arrays are under development, which also integrate microfluidic channels [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymer-Based Approaches to Improve the Long Term Performance of Intracortical Neural Interfaces

Hassler

2009

IFMBE Proceedings

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Abstract-This paper describes different polymer-based approaches to improve the long term performance of intracortical neural interfaces. The advantages of these modified interfaces compared to the commonly used interfaces are identified and possible problems which can arise with these modifications are discussed. Furthermore, some new ideas which will be implemented within the framework of the recently founded Bernstein Focus Neurotechnology -Freiburg/Tuebingen are presented.

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A silicon-based, three-dimensional neural interface: manufacturing processes for an intracortical electrode array

Cited by 746 publications

References 17 publications

Spatiotemporal dynamics of neocortical excitation and inhibition during human sleep

Spatiotemporal dynamics of neocortical excitation and inhibition during human sleep

Implanted intracortical electrodes as chronic neural interfaces to the central nervous system

Polymer-Based Approaches to Improve the Long Term Performance of Intracortical Neural Interfaces

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