A significant number of multi-drug resistant Enterococcus faecalis in wildlife animals; long-term consequences and new or known reservoirs of resistance?

Nowakiewicz, Aneta; Zięba, Przemysław; Gnat, Sebastian; Trościańczyk, Aleksandra; Osińska, Marcelina; Łagowski, Dominik; Kosior-Korzecka, U.; Puzio, Iwona

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135830

Cited by 22 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…It is commonly known that wild canids and felids are indifferent to the presence of humans and often share the same environment. Our results are in line with those of Nowakiewicz et al (54), who observed a high frequency of E. faecalis strains (44%) among wild mammalian carnivores in Poland. On the other hand, our data are six times higher than those detected by Dec et al (30).…”

Section: Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profilesupporting

confidence: 93%

“…According to Hu et al (55), MDR bacteria are more commonly associated with environmental contamination than naturally occurring genes. Moreover, studies of wild foxes and carnivorous mammals revealed positive correlations with environmental pollution and the abundance of resistant bacteria in samples, thereby highlighting the selective pressures that (22) human activities and environmental disturbances exert on the microbial communities of wildlife (31,54). The elevated frequency of resistant and MDR enterococci observed in the fecal samples of wild Pampas foxes and Geoffroy's cats might be associated with anthropogenic activities.…”

Section: Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profilementioning

confidence: 95%

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Multidrug Resistance in Enterococci Isolated From Wild Pampas Foxes (Lycalopex gymnocercus) and Geoffroy's Cats (Leopardus geoffroyi) in the Brazilian Pampa Biome

et al. 2020

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Enterococci are ubiquitous microorganisms present in various environments and within the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and other animals. Notably, fecal enterococci are suitable indicators for monitoring antimicrobial resistance dissemination. Resistant bacterial strains recovered from the fecal samples of wild animals can highlight important aspects of environmental disturbances. In this report, we investigated antimicrobial susceptibility as well as resistance and virulence genes in fecal enterococci isolated from wild Pampas foxes (Lycalopex gymnocercus) (n = 5) and Geoffroy's cats (Leopardus geoffroyi) (n = 4) in the Brazilian Pampa biome. Enterococci were isolated from eight out of nine fecal samples and Enterococcus faecalis was identified in both animals. However, E. faecium and E. durans were only detected in Pampas foxes, while E. hirae was only detected in Geoffroy's cats. Antimicrobial susceptibility analysis showed resistance to rifampicin (94%), erythromycin (72.6%), ciprofloxacin/norfloxacin (40%), streptomycin (38%), and tetracycline (26%). The high frequency of multidrug-resistant enterococci (66%) isolated in this study is a matter of concern since these are wild animals with no history of therapeutic antibiotic exposure. The tetM/tetL and msrC/ermB genes were detected in most tetracycline- and erythromycin-resistant enterococci, respectively. The gelE, ace, agg, esp, and clyA virulence genes were also detected in enterococci. In conclusion, our data suggest that habitat fragmentation and anthropogenic activities in the Pampa biome may contribute to high frequencies of multidrug-resistant enterococci in the gut communities of wild Pampas foxes and Geoffroy's cats. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of antimicrobial-resistant enterococci in the Pampa biome.

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Section: Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profilesupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profilementioning

confidence: 95%

Multidrug Resistance in Enterococci Isolated From Wild Pampas Foxes (Lycalopex gymnocercus) and Geoffroy's Cats (Leopardus geoffroyi) in the Brazilian Pampa Biome

et al. 2020

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“…In our study, AREF strains were isolated also from wildlife in addition to those from cats and humans. The resistance to macrolides detected in this study was associated mainly with the presence of the erm(B) and msr(A) genes, which is consistent with previous reports [17,25]. However, only the former gene was present in the strains isolated from humans and poultry, while msr(A) and other individual genes were associated with the erm(B) gene in the strains from other groups.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Particular attention is paid to the presence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) and those with resistance to a high level of aminoglycoside antibiotics (HLAR). In the present studies, no VRE strains were identified; similarly, we did not show this type of resistance in our recent study on E. faecalis strains [17]. Regardless of the host group tested, E. faecium resistant to high-level kanamycin, streptomycin and gentamicin was detected, which seems particularly alarming.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 47%

“…The chloramphenicol resistance in the E. faecium isolates in our study was confirmed by the detection of three genes: catA7, catA8 and catA9. It is slightly surprising, however, that the resistance to chloramphenicol in the E. faecium isolated from the wildlife compared to E. faecalis isolated from the same region of the country in previous studies [17] seems to be significantly lower, although the genes involved are the same. Similarly, a lower percentage was obtained for rifampicin resistance for the E. faecium tested in the current study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

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Comparative study of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium obtained from different hosts

Trościańczyk

Nowakiewicz

Gnat

et al. 2021

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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Introduction. The possible transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes between Enterococcus faecium isolates from humans and different animal species, including those not covered by monitoring programs (e.g. pet and wildlife), poses a serious threat to public health. Hypothesis/Gap Statement. Little is known about occurrence and mechanisms of phenomenon of multidrug resistance of E. faecium isolated from various host species in Poland. Aim. The aim of the study was to characterize multidrug-resistant E. faecium isolated from humans and animals (livestock, pets and wildlife) in terms of the occurrence of genetic markers determining resistance. Methodology. Bacterial isolates were tested for phenotypic resistance and the presence of genes encoding resistance to macrolides, tetracycline, aminoglycosides, aminocyclitols and phenicols as well as efflux pump (emeA), resolvase (tndX) and integrase (Int-Tn) genes. The quinolone resistance-determining regions of gyrA and parC were sequenced. Results. Human isolates of E. faecium were characterized by high-level resistance to: ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, erythromycin (100 %), as well, as aminoglycosides resistance (kanamycin – 100%, streptomycin – 78 %, gentamicin – 78%). Regardless of the animal species, high level of resistance of E. faecium to tetracycline (from 88–100 %), erythromycin (from 82–94 %) and kanamycin (from 36–100 %) was observed. All E. faecium isolates from wildlife were resistant to fluoroquinolones. However, full susceptibility to vancomycin was observed in all isolates tested. Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance of E. faecium was identified in the presence of the following resistance genes: erm(B) (70%), msr(A) (50 %), tet(L) (35 %), tet(K) (34 %), tet(M) (76 %), aac(6’)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia (25%), ant(6)-Ia (31%), aph(3)-IIIa (68 %), (tndX) (23 %), and integrase gene (Int-Tn) (34 %). A correlation between an amino acid substitution at positions 83 and 87 of gyrA and position 80 of parC and the high-level fluoroquinolone resistance in E. faecium has been observed as well. Conclusion. The level and range of antimicrobial resistance and the panel of resistance determinants is comparable between E. faecium isolates, despite host species.

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An in‐house 45‐plex array for the detection of antimicrobial resistance genes in Gram‐positive bacteria

et al. 2022

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Identifying antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and determining their occurrence in Gram‐positive bacteria provide useful data to understand how resistance can be acquired and maintained in these bacteria. We describe an in‐house bead array targeting AMR genes of Gram‐positive bacteria and allowing their rapid detection all at once at a reduced cost. A total of 41 AMR probes were designed to target genes frequently associated with resistance to tetracycline, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramins, pleuromutilins, phenicols, glycopeptides, aminoglycosides, diaminopyrimidines, oxazolidinones and particularly shared among Enterococcus and Staphylococcus spp. A collection of 124 enterococci and 62 staphylococci isolated from healthy livestock animals through the official Belgian AMR monitoring (2018–2020) was studied with this array from which a subsample was further investigated by whole‐genome sequencing. The array detected AMR genes associated with phenotypic resistance for 93.0% and 89.2% of the individual resistant phenotypes in enterococci and staphylococci, respectively. Although linezolid is not used in veterinary medicine, linezolid‐resistant isolates were detected. These were characterized by the presence of optrA and poxtA , providing cross‐resistance to other antibiotics. Rarer, vancomycin resistance was conferred by the vanA or by the vanL cluster. Numerous resistance genes circulating among Enterococcus and Staphylococcus spp. were detected by this array allowing rapid screening of a large strain collection at an affordable cost. Our data stress the importance of interpreting AMR with caution and the complementarity of both phenotyping and genotyping methods. This array is now available to assess other One‐Health AMR reservoirs.

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A significant number of multi-drug resistant Enterococcus faecalis in wildlife animals; long-term consequences and new or known reservoirs of resistance?

Cited by 22 publications

References 51 publications

Multidrug Resistance in Enterococci Isolated From Wild Pampas Foxes (Lycalopex gymnocercus) and Geoffroy's Cats (Leopardus geoffroyi) in the Brazilian Pampa Biome

Multidrug Resistance in Enterococci Isolated From Wild Pampas Foxes (Lycalopex gymnocercus) and Geoffroy's Cats (Leopardus geoffroyi) in the Brazilian Pampa Biome

Comparative study of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium obtained from different hosts

An in‐house 45‐plex array for the detection of antimicrobial resistance genes in Gram‐positive bacteria

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