A Signature for Smoking Status of Coronary Heart Disease Patients through Weighted Gene Coexpression Network Analysis

Abstract

Background. Smoking is one of the risk factors of coronary heart disease (CHD), while its underlying mechanism is less well defined. Purpose. To identify and testify 6 key genes of CHD related to smoking through weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA), protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis, and pathway analysis. Methods. CHD patients’ samples were first downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Then, genes of interest were obtained after analysis of variance (ANOVA). Thereafter, 23 coexpressed modules that were determined after genes with similar expression were incorporated via WGCNA. The biological functions of genes in the modules were researched by enrichment analysis. Pearson correlation analysis and PPI network analysis were used to screen core genes related to smoking in CHD. Results. The violet module was the most significantly associated with smoking ( r = − 0.28 , p = 0.006 ). Genes in this module mainly participated in biological functions related to the heart. Altogether, 6 smoking-related core genes were identified through bioinformatics analyses. Their expressions in animal models were detected through the animal experiment. Conclusion. This study identified 6 core genes to serve as underlying biomarkers for monitoring and predicting smoker’s CHD risk.

The Effect of Psychiatric Disorders and Stressful Environmental Factors in Correlation with Smoking and Coronary Heart Disease

“…From the results of the statistical analysis, it is observed that the vast majority of patients with coronary heart disease have smoked in the past and continue to smoke, despite knowing that smoking is very harmful to health and the doctor's advice to stop smoking immediately. This is in favor of the relationship between smoking and coronary heart disease that has been reported in previous studies (Shang et al, 2022;Salehi et al, 2021;Banks et al, 2019;Stallones, 2015;Tolstrup et al, 2014;Baba et al, 2006;He & Lam, 1999;Rigotti & Pasternak, 1996).…”

“…Cardiovascular disease refers to a set of disorders of the heart and blood vessels and includes, among others, coronary artery disease (Appleton & Kubzansky, 2014). Smoking has been associated with morbidity and mortality from coronary heart disease for several decades (Shang et al, 2022;Salehi et al, 2021;Banks et al, 2019;Stallones, 2015;Tolstrup et al, 2014;Baba et al, 2006;He & Lam, 1999;Rigotti & Pasternak, 1996).…”