A signal-detection analysis of sex differences in the perception of emotional faces

Grimshaw, Gina M.; Bulman-Fleming, M. Barbara; Ngo, Cam V.

doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2004.02.029

Cited by 129 publications

(73 citation statements)

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“…That which seems to be consistent is that judgments of gender and emotion (and their combination) of a person from facial cues are made quickly and accurately (e.g., Atkinson, Tipples, Burt, & Young, 2005;Esteves & Öhman, 1993;Goos & Silverman, 2002;Grimshaw, Bulman-Fleming, & Ngo, 2004;Kirouac & Doré, 1984). Although there are numerous findings indicating that participants respond more quickly and more accurately to happy faces, there are also reports finding that angry faces are detected the most quickly and accurately (e.g., Horstmann & Bauland, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…In recognition studies, there are indications that participants respond more quickly and more accurately to happy faces than to faces displaying other emotions, and the evidence here seems to be more consistent (e.g., Esteves & Öhman, 1993;Grimshaw et al, 2004;Kirouac & Doré, 1983, 1984Leppänen & Hietanen, 2004;Milders et al, 2008). For example, Doré (1983, 1984) investigated accuracy and latency of response in a categorization task with six emotions (happiness, sadness, disgust, anger, surprise, and fear).…”

Section: Research Aimsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, Grimshaw et al (2004) analyzed differences between men and women and the perception of emotional facial expressions in terms of SDT. They tested whether participant-gender differences would emerge with decreased presentation times, thus with reduced amounts of information presented to the participants.…”

Section: Gender Of the Participantmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Upon closer inspection, it may appear that the difference of the two emotional expressions may be a matter of experimental method: Angrysuperiority effects tend to be reported in studies where visual search methods have been used (e.g., Hansen & Hansen, 1988;Juth, Lundqvist, Karlsson, & Öhman, 2005;Öhman, Lundqvist, & Esteves, 2001;however, Öhman, Juth, and Lindqvist, 2010, regarding the generality of the angry-superiority effects in visual-search tasks), and happy-superiority effects tend to be reported in studies where there is a categorization of individual stimuli (e.g., Esteves & Öhman, 1993;Grimshaw et al, 2004;Kirouac & Doré, 1983, 1984Leppänen & Hietanen, 2004, Milders, Sahraie, & Logan, 2008.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To the best of my knowledge only a few signal-detection studies (Goos & Silverman, 2002;Grimshaw et al, 2004;Milders et al, 2008) have included angry and happy faces, brief presentation times, gender of the face, and gender of the participant. Given the requirement of many trials in a signal detection experiment (Macmillan & Creelman, 2005;McNicol, 2005; and as mentioned by Esteves & Öhman, 1993), this gap in the literature is hardly surprising.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Expecting Happy Women, Not Detecting the Angry Ones: Detection and Perceived Intensity of Facial Anger, Happiness, and Emotionality

Pixton¹

2011

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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Faces provide cues for judgments regarding the emotional state of individuals. Using signal-detection methodology and a standardized stimulus set, the overall aim of the present dissertation was to investigate the detection of emotional facial expressions (i.e., angry and happy faces) with neutral expressions as the nontarget stimuli. Study I showed a happy-superiority effect and a bias towards reporting happiness in female faces. As work progressed, questions arose regarding whether the emotional stimuli were equal with regard to perceived strength of emotion, and whether the neutral faces were perceived as neutral. To further investigate the effect of stimulus quality on the obtained findings, Study II was designed such that the facial stimuli were rated on scales of happy-sad, angry-friendly, and emotionality. Results showed that 'neutral' facial expressions were not rated as neutral, and that there was a greater perceived distance between happy and neutral faces than between angry and neutral faces. These results were used to adjust the detectability measures to compensate for the varying distances of the angry and happy stimuli from the neutral stimuli in the emotional space. The happysuperiority effect was weakened, while an angry-female disadvantage remained. However, as these results were based upon different participant groups for detection and emotional rating, Study III was designed to investigate whether the results from Studies I and II could be replicated in a design where the same participants performed both tasks. Again, the results showed the non-neutrality of 'neutral' expressions and that happiness was more easily detected than anger, as shown in general emotion as well as specific emotion detection. Taken together, the overall results of the present dissertation demonstrate a happy-superiority effect that was greater for female than male faces, that angry-female faces were the most difficult to detect, and a bias to report female faces as happy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Research Aimsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Gender Of the Participantmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Expecting Happy Women, Not Detecting the Angry Ones: Detection and Perceived Intensity of Facial Anger, Happiness, and Emotionality

Pixton¹

2011

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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Sex differences in perception of emotion intensity in dynamic and static facial expressions

2006

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Most research on the perception of emotional expressions is conducted using static faces as stimuli. However, facial displays of emotion are a highly dynamic phenomenon and a static photograph is its very unnatural representation. The goal of the present research was to assess the role of stimuli dynamics as well as subjects' sex in the perception of emotional expressions. In the experiment, subjects rated the intensity of expressions of anger and happiness presented as photographs (static stimuli) and animations (dynamic stimuli). The impact of both stimulus dynamics and emotion type on the perceived intensity was observed. The emotions on 'angry faces' were judged as more intense than on 'happy faces' and the intensity ratings were higher in the case of animation rather than photography. Moreover, gender differences in the rated intensity were found. For male subjects higher intensity ratings for dynamic than for static expressions were noted in the case of anger, whereas in the case of happiness, no differences were observed. For female subjects, however, differences for both anger and happiness were significant. The results suggest that the dynamic characteristic of facial display is an important factor in the perception of the intensity of emotional expressions. Its effect, however, depends on the subjects' sex and emotional valence.

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Fear of cancer recurrence and hope level in patients receiving surgery for non-small cell lung cancer: a study on the mediating role of social support

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2022

Support Care Cancer

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A signal-detection analysis of sex differences in the perception of emotional faces

Cited by 129 publications

References 3 publications

Expecting Happy Women, Not Detecting the Angry Ones: Detection and Perceived Intensity of Facial Anger, Happiness, and Emotionality

Expecting Happy Women, Not Detecting the Angry Ones: Detection and Perceived Intensity of Facial Anger, Happiness, and Emotionality

Sex differences in perception of emotion intensity in dynamic and static facial expressions

Fear of cancer recurrence and hope level in patients receiving surgery for non-small cell lung cancer: a study on the mediating role of social support

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