A Side-by-Side Comparison of Dust Collection Methods for Sampling Lead-Contaminated House Dust

Lanphear, Bruce P.; Emond, Mary J.; Jacobs, David E.; Weitzman, Michael; Tanner, Martin A.; Winter, Nancy L.; Yakir, Benjamin; Eberly, Shirley

doi:10.1006/enrs.1995.1015

Cited by 104 publications

(97 citation statements)

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“…Most children with elevated lead levels are exposed to lead through lead-contaminated house dust, which originates primarily from lead-based paint in old, urban homes (Lanphear et al 1995;Lanphear and Roghmann 1997). Despite environmental interventions to reduce the number of houses with lead paint exposures, it has been estimated that more than 25 million homes still contain significant amounts of lead paint (Jacobs et al 2002).…”

Section: Influence Of Nutrient Intake On Blood Lead Levels Of Young Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of nutrient intake on blood lead levels of young children at risk for lead poisoning.

Gallicchio

Scherer

Sexton

2002

Environ Health Perspect

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Although removal of lead paint hazards from at-risk houses remains the primary means of preventing elevated blood lead among young children, reduction of risk through nutritional factors has also been of interest. In this study we evaluated the effect of nutrient intake on blood lead levels by analyzing whether the intakes of certain dietary components a) were associated with blood lead levels independent of lead exposure or b) modified the effect of lead exposure on blood lead. Subjects were 205 children from low-income families who were approximately 1 year of age and living in old, urban houses. The data collected for each child included blood lead level, nutritional status, and amount of lead exposure, which was assessed from samples of household dust. Multiple linear regression analyses showed a statistically significant positive association between lead exposure and blood lead. Statistically significant positive associations were found between blood lead and total fat as well as blood lead and saturated fat, independent of lead exposure and age of the child. Regression modeling and stratified analysis showed that mean blood lead increased with increasing lead exposure as well as with increasing caloric intake, suggesting that caloric intake modifies the association between lead exposure and blood lead. The findings from this study, if replicated in other studies, support a dietary intervention to reduce the amount of total calories, total fat, and saturated fat among children 1 year of age at risk for lead exposure, while maintaining adequate intake of these dietary components. Our results also reinforce recommendations that removal of lead paint hazards from at-risk houses should be the primary means of preventing lead exposure.

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Section: Influence Of Nutrient Intake On Blood Lead Levels Of Young Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of nutrient intake on blood lead levels of young children at risk for lead poisoning.

Gallicchio

Scherer

Sexton

2002

Environ Health Perspect

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“…A significant body of information on dermal exposure to chemical residues has been enhanced by studies in occupational settings (e.g., Fenske, 1993 ) , while residential dermal exposures for particle phase contaminants have been bolstered by a focus on childhood lead (Pb ) dust exposure (e.g., Sayre et al, 1974;QueHee et al, 1985;Lanphear et al, 1995) . An exposure attribute not usually addressed in these studies is the proportion of the material on the contact surface that is actually available for dermal transfer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental methodologies and preliminary transfer factor data for estimation of dermal exposures to particles

Rodes

Newsome

Vanderpool

et al. 2001

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Developmental efforts and experimental data that focused on quantifying the transfer of particles on a mass basis from indoor surfaces to human skin are described. Methods that utilized a common fluorescein -tagged Arizona Test Dust ( ATD ) as a possible surrogate for housedust and a uniform surface dust deposition chamber to permit estimation of particle mass transfer for selected dust size fractions were developed. Particle transfers to both wet and dry skin were quantified for contact events with stainless steel, vinyl, and carpeted surfaces that had been pre -loaded with the tagged test dust. To better understand the representativeness of the test dust, a large housedust sample was collected and analyzed for particle size distribution by mass and several metals ( Pb, Mn, Cd, Cr, and Ni ) . The real housedust sample was found to have multimodal size distributions ( mg / g ) for particle -phase metals. The fluorescein tagging provided surface coatings of 0.11 ± 0.36 ng fluorescein per gram of dust. The predominant surface location of the fluorescein tag would best represent simulated mass transfers for contaminant species coating the surfaces of the particles. The computer -controlled surface deposition chamber provided acceptably uniform surface coatings with known particle loadings on the contact test panels. Significant findings for the dermal transfer factor data were: ( a ) only about 1 / 3 of the projected hand surface typically came in contact with the smooth test surfaces during a press; ( b ) the fraction of particles transferred to the skin decreased as the surface roughness increased, with carpeting transfer coefficients averaging only 1 / 10 those of stainless steel; ( c ) hand dampness significantly increased the particle mass transfer; ( d ) consecutive presses decreased the particle transfer by a factor of 3 as the skin surface became loaded, requiring $100 presses to reach an equilibrium transfer rate; and ( e ) an increase in metals concentration with decreasing particle size, with levels at 25 m typically two or more times higher than those at 100 m Ð consistent with the earlier finding of Lewis et al. for the same sample for pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs ) .

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“…1974;U.S. HUD, 1990;Lioy et al, 1993 , and have been Ž field tested and compared in numerous studies Sayre and Katzel, 1979;Que Hee et al, 1985;Davies et al, 1987;McArthur, 1992;Farfel et al, 1994a,b;Lanphear et al, . 1995;U.S.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A field comparison of two methods for sampling lead in household dust

Rich

Yiin

Rhoads

et al. 1999

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Comparability of dust lead measurements has been a difficult problem due to different sampling and analysis techniques. This paper compares two dust Ž . Ž . sampling techniques, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development HUD dust wipe method and the Lioy, Wainman, Weisel LWW sampler. The HUD method specifies using a moist towelette to pick up as much dust as possible in a specified area and estimates total lead loading. The LWW sampler collects the dust on preweighed wetted filter media, and provides greater standardization of the sampling path and pressure applied. LWW samples Ž . were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectronomy no samples below minimum detection limit , while HUD samples were analyzed using Ž . flame atomic absorption 32% of samples below minimum detection limit . A bootstrapping technique was used in the analysis to contend with those HUD samples below the minimum detection limit. Mixed model equations were generated to predict HUD values from LWW results, and to examine the effects of sampling location, time, and method. The results indicate that the two samplers performed similarly under field conditions, although the LWW sampler produced consistently lower lead loading estimates. LWW values that predicted HUD lead clearance values of 100 mgrft 2 for floors and 500 mgrft 2 for window sills were 72 mgrft 2 and 275 mgrft 2 , respectively. To examine internal reproducibility, duplicate samples were taken using both the HUD and Ž . LWW methods. Correlation results within paired samples indicated a statistically significantly higher p -0.001 internal reproducibility for lead loading, Ž . Ž . for the LWW sampler r s 0.87 , than for the HUD method r s 0.71 . Some of the differences appeared to be related to the analytical methods.

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A Side-by-Side Comparison of Dust Collection Methods for Sampling Lead-Contaminated House Dust

Cited by 104 publications

References 0 publications

Influence of nutrient intake on blood lead levels of young children at risk for lead poisoning.

Influence of nutrient intake on blood lead levels of young children at risk for lead poisoning.

Experimental methodologies and preliminary transfer factor data for estimation of dermal exposures to particles

A field comparison of two methods for sampling lead in household dust

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