“…Recently, nanomaterials and their related sciences have been utilised in various fields, such as medicine, electronics, optoelectronics, energy storage, sensors, agriculture, environmental science, information technology, biomaterials, communication engineering, heavy industries, consumer products, water purification, and more, for the purpose of achieving increased efficiency [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Among the different nanomaterials that have been reported so far, p-type semiconducting tricobalt tetroxide nanoparticles (Co 3 O 4 -NPs) have gained significant prominence in the fields of solar cells, capacitors, field effect transistors, energy storage devices, magneto-resistive devices, field emission materials, gas sensing, magnetic semiconductors, rechargeable batteries, heterogeneous catalysis, dye degradation, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer applications due to their exceptional structural, optical, electrical, magnetic, and catalytic properties [15][16][17][18][19][20]. Nowadays, various conventional physical and chemical processes have been employed to fabricate Co 3 O 4 -NPs through top-down and bottom-up approaches.…”