A short chemical sensitivity scale for assessment of airway sensory hyperreactivity

Nordin, Steven; Millqvist, Eva; Löwhagen, O.; Bende, Mats

doi:10.1007/s00420-004-0504-7

Cited by 79 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The individual CSS-SHR score is calculated from each point obtained from the 11 statements with a total score B 55. A score [43 somewhat predicts increased airway sensory reactivity [41,42]. The internal consistency (Cronbach's a) of CSS-SHR was 0.77 in our study.…”

Section: Measurementssupporting

confidence: 48%

“…The Chemical Sensitivity Scale for Sensory Hyperreactivity (CSS-SHR) is composed of 11 statements regarding affective reactions to and behavioural disruptions in daily activities from odorous/pungent environmental chemicals [41]. The metric properties of the CSS-SHR, i.e., test-retest reliability, internal consistency and concurrent validity, have been reported as being favourable [41].…”

Section: Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The metric properties of the CSS-SHR, i.e., test-retest reliability, internal consistency and concurrent validity, have been reported as being favourable [41]. In order to adapt the CSS-SHR for use in Danish studies on MCS, the CSS-SHR was translated into Danish by a professional translation office.…”

Section: Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Repressive coping and alexithymia in idiopathic environmental intolerance

Skovbjerg

Zachariae

Rasmussen

et al. 2010

Environ Health Prev Med

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Objective To examine if the non-expression of negative emotions (i.e., repressive coping) and differences in the ability to process and regulate emotions (i.e., alexithymia) is associated with idiopathic environmental intolerance (IEI). Methods The study included participants who had previously participated in a general population-based study and reported symptoms of environmental intolerance (n = 787) and patients with IEI (n = 237). The participants completed questionnaires assessing IEI, namely, a measure of repressive coping combining scores on the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (MCSDS) and the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (TMAS), the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), and a negative affectivity scale (NAS). Multiple, hierarchical linear regression analyses were conducted using IEI variables as the dependent variables. Results The TMAS and MCSDS scores were independently associated with the IEI variables, but there was no evidence of a role of the repressive coping construct. While the total alexithymia score was unrelated to IEI, the TAS-20 subscale of difficulties identifying feelings (DIF) was independently associated with symptoms attributed to IEI. Negative affectivity was a strong independent predictor of the IEI variables and a mediator of the association between DIF and IEI. Conclusion Our results provide no evidence for a role of repressive coping in IEI, and our hypothesis of an association with alexithymia was only partly supported. In contrast, strong associations between IEI and negative emotional reactions, defensiveness and difficulties identifying feelings were found, suggesting a need for exploring the influence of these emotional reactions in IEI.

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Section: Measurementssupporting

confidence: 48%

Section: Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Repressive coping and alexithymia in idiopathic environmental intolerance

Skovbjerg

Zachariae

Rasmussen

et al. 2010

Environ Health Prev Med

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“…Patients completed a self-report questionnaire for the assessment of physical and psychological parameters, which included the Chemical Sensitivity Scale for Sensory Hyper-reactivity (CSS-SHR) [28], the Somato-Sensory Amplification Scale (SSAS) [29], the Autonomic Perception Questionnaire (APQ) [30], the Tellegen Absorption Scale (TAS) [31], the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale [32], the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (TMAS) [33], the Negative Affectivity Scale (NAS) [34], and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) that evaluates the total score and the scores of the three subscales, which assess difficulties in identifying feelings (DIF), difficulties in describing feelings (DDF), and externally-oriented thinking (EOT) [35].…”

Section: Nirs Data Acquisitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of cerebral blood flow in patients with multiple chemical sensitivity using near-infrared spectroscopy—recovery after olfactory stimulation: a case–control study

Azuma

Uchiyama

Tanigawa

et al. 2015

Environ Health Prev Med

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Objectives Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) is a chronic acquired disorder characterized by non-specific symptoms in multiple organ systems associated with exposure to odorous chemicals. We previously observed significant activations in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) during olfactory stimulation using several different odorants in patients with MCS by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) imaging. We also observed that the patients with MCS did not adequately distinguish non-odorant in the late stage of the repeated olfactory stimulation test. The sensory recovery of the olfactory system in the patients with MCS may process odors differently from healthy subjects after olfactory stimulation. Methods We examined the recovery process of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) after olfactory stimulation in patients with MCS. NIRS imaging was performed in 6 patients with MCS and in 6 controls. The olfactory stimulation test was continuously repeated 10 times. The study also included a subjective assessment of the physical and psychological status and of the perception of irritating and hedonic odors. 123Environ Health Prev Med (2015) 20:185-194 DOI 10.1007 Results After olfactory stimulation, significant activations were observed in the PFC of patients with MCS on both the right and left sides compared with controls. The activations were specifically strong in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Compared with controls, autonomic perception and feelings identification were poorer in patients with MCS. OFC is associated with stimuli response and the representation of preferences. Conclusions These results suggest that a past strong exposure to hazardous chemicals activates the PFC during olfactory stimuli in patients with MCS, and a strong activation in the OFC remains after the stimuli.

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“…However, although hyperventilation of short duration has been clearly documented (58)(59)(60)(61)(62), the existence of a chronic hyperventilation state has been disputed as there is a lack of data on long-term disturbances of the blood gases (63,64). Other asthma-like disorders described are nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis (65,66), functional breathing disorder (55), dysfunctional breathing (26,(67)(68)(69)(70), multiple chemical sensitivity localized to the lower airways (71,72), and sensory hyperreactivity (56,(73)(74)(75)(76)(77). The latter disorder is prevalent in patients hypersensitive to scents, and identified by a capsaicin inhalation cough test.…”

Section: Asthma-like Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis of asthma – a new approach

Löwhagen

2012

Allergy

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Current definition of asthma involves four cornerstones: inflammation, hyperresponsiveness, bronchoconstriction, and symptoms. In research, the symptoms have had the slightest attention. According to international guidelines, the asthma symptoms are episodic breathlessness, wheeze, cough, tightness of the chest, and shortness of breath. As there are several symptoms, a primary question is how they are related to bronchoconstriction, the main clinical feature of asthma. Symptoms and lung function tests are regularly used for the evaluation of clinical health status and effect of treatment. However, there is no or poor correlation between these two variables, which means that they represent different mechanisms. Reduced lung function, such as a low FEV 1 , represents bronchial constriction, what do the symptoms represent? Some symptoms such as breathlessness and shortness of breath seem not to be evidence-based asthma symptoms. Focusing on bronchial obstruction is important in view of the potential risk of asthma attacks, but nonobstructive symptoms occur frequently and may also cause severe discomfort and poor quality of life. Interpreting all symptoms as signs of bronchoconstriction (asthma) may lead to misinterpretation when assessing health status and effect of treatment. Although a 'soft' variable, the strength of symptoms is that they are representing various mechanisms. The physiological preconditions for control and defense of respiration must be considered in the diagnostic process, regardless of inflammation, allergy, psychology, or other etiological factors. Based on studies on dyspnea in cardiopulmonary diseases, including asthma and asthma-like disorders, there seems to be a continuous spectrum of symptoms and mechanisms integrated in a single asthma syndrome.

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A short chemical sensitivity scale for assessment of airway sensory hyperreactivity

Abstract: The favorable metric properties of the CSS-SHR and its sensitivity/specificity suggests that it is useful for clinical diagnosis and epidemiological study of sensory hyperreactivity in combination with other diagnostic tools.

Cited by 79 publications

References 13 publications

Repressive coping and alexithymia in idiopathic environmental intolerance

Repressive coping and alexithymia in idiopathic environmental intolerance

Assessment of cerebral blood flow in patients with multiple chemical sensitivity using near-infrared spectroscopy—recovery after olfactory stimulation: a case–control study

Diagnosis of asthma – a new approach

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