A Short Battery of Simple Tests for Measuring Overinclusive Thinking

Payne, R. W.; Friedlander, D

doi:10.1192/bjp.108.454.362

Cited by 117 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Overall, the thought pattern of schizophrenics has been described as being "over-inclusive", i.e. there is an inability to filter out extraneous information (Cameron 1938;Payne et al 1961;Payne and Friedlander 1962). This has lead to the speculation that an impaired central filtering mechanism may be present in this disorder (Detre and Jarecki 1971), as schizophrenics are unable to distinguish relevant objects in the perceptual field (Matussek 1951).…”

Section: The Gaba System In Schizophreniamentioning

confidence: 99%

GABAergic Interneurons Implications for Understanding Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder

Beneš

Berretta

2001

Neuropsychopharmacology

989

643

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Neurons that express the compound, ␥ -aminobutyric acid (GABA), are broadly present throughout the central nervous system, although telencephalic structures, such as the cerebral cortex, show the most abundant quantities of this neurotransmitter (Jones 1987). In the discussion that follows, the anatomy and physiology of various types of GABAergic interneurons in the cortex and hippocampus will be discussed and related to recent postmortem studies implicating this transmitter system in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and bi- 25 , NO . 1 polar disorder and their treatment with neuroleptic drugs (for more comprehensive reviews on cortical and hippocampal neurons see: Hof et al. 1993;Freund and Buzsaki 1996;Somogyi et al. 1998). NEUROBIOLOGY OF GABAERGIC INTERNEURONSBased on Golgi-impregnation studies, Ramon y Cajal provided the first descriptions of several different morphological subtypes of interneurons in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus (Ramon y Cajal 1893, 1911. In more recent years, it has been shown that, with some overlap, different morphological subtypes also have distinct distributions, connectivity, neurochemistry, and electrophysiological properties (for reviews see Hof et al. 1993;Freund and Buzsaki 1996). It is interesting to note that every segment of a pyramidal neuron, such as the soma, dendritic branches and spines, and the initial axonal segment, receives dense GABAergic synaptic innervation (O'Kusky and Colonnier 1982;Hendry et al. 1983;Houser et al. 1983; Beaulieu et al. 1992; for reviews see Jones 1993;Freund and Buzsaki 1996). Even more interestingly, each of these segments appears to be innervated by distinct GABAergic neuronal subtypes (see below).These differences strongly suggest that each of these subtypes plays a fundamentally different role in physiological and pathological mechanisms. In the discussion that follows, cortical interneurons will be described first, since our most basic understanding of GABAergic cells is derived from these populations. In more recent years, however, similar characterizations of interneurons in hippocampus have emerged. Although these cells show some striking similarities to their cortical counterparts, there are also some unique features that distinguish them. For this reason, interneurons in the hippocampus are discussed separately. Cortex Neuroanatomical Studies of Cortical Interneurons.Various types of GABAergic neurons can be categorized according to the type of synaptic profiles they are associated with, as this has direct implications for understanding the physiological role of these cells in cortical circuits. These categories are discussed below.A XO -S OMATIC I NHIBITORY S YNAPSES (B ASKET C ELLS ). The most commonly encountered interneurons ( Figure 1A) are multipolar in shape, i.e., they may have three or more primary dendritic branches emanating from their cell bodies, some having somata that are as large as those of pyramidal neurons (Jones and Hendry 1984). Using immunocytochemistry to localize the enzyme ). These cells also ...

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Section: The Gaba System In Schizophreniamentioning

confidence: 99%

GABAergic Interneurons Implications for Understanding Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder

Beneš

Berretta

2001

Neuropsychopharmacology

989

643

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“…It was first noted by Cameron in 1939 and has since been confirmed by several investiga tors [Epstein, 1953;Payne and Friedlander, 1962], Andreasen and Powers [1974] claimed that it was not specific to schizo phrenia, as they found it in manic subjects, but it is nevertheless the most clearly iden tifiable feature of schizophrenic thinking disorder. What it represents has never been clear, and it is the purpose of this study to examine several psychological hypotheses concerning its nature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Overinclusion was recorded if an ab normally high number of relatively unre lated items were considered as belonging to the first. Payne's [Payne and Friedlander, 1962] preferred test, which he called the ob ject classification test, required subjects to sort twelve small household objects in ten ways. According to him, schizophrenics dis covered more methods of sorting than nor mals, the extra methods being based on triv ial features such as scratches, personal asso ciations, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Nature of Overinclusive Thinking in Schizophrenia

1987

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Schizophrenics were compared with neurotic controls on four tests of categorical thinking in an attempt to discover the nature of overinclusive thinking. The tests provided both verbal and nonverbal measures of conceptual loosening, the proportion of out-of-category items, distortion of the internal structure of a category and any tendency towards overcategorization. The results showed that schizophrenics were relatively worse on nonverbal than on verbal categories with, in particular, a greater degree of conceptual loosening and a tendency towards overcategorization. The most striking abnormality emerged during observation of the actual sorting strategy itself. Schizophrenics tackled the task in a way which suggests that they lack the ability to form a Gestalt of the task.

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“…For example, overinclusion has been defined in terms of such diverse operations as: the number of words produced in a proverb interpretation (Payne& Friedlander, 1962); the number of ways in which a set of objects may be classified (Payne, 1962); and the number of incorrect guesses made in a tachistoscopic picture recognition task (Payne, 1966). In many cases the defining operational or theoretical characteristic which qualifies such diverse tasks as measures of the same behaviour or trait is not at all obvious.…”

Section: The Overinclusiveness Of the Concept Of Overinclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since its introduction by Cameron (1938), the concept of overinclusion has been used to refer to a wide variety of performance differences observed between schizophrenics and non-schizophrenics as well as differences between various subgroups within the schizophrenic population. For example, a number of tasks assumed to measure overinclusive thinking have been reported to differentiate : schizophrenics from non-schizophrenic controls (Payne & Friedlander, 1962), acute from chronic schizophrenics (Payne , I 962), and delusional from non-delusional schizophrenics (Payne et al, 1963). This paper will examine several aspects of the concept of overinclusion as it is used to describe schizophrenic thought disorder.…”

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confidence: 98%

Task Requirements in Tests of Schizophrenic Overinclusion

Price¹

1970

Br J Soc Clin Psychol

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The concept of overinclusion is examined and found to be too broad to have great descriptive utility. Attempts to select overinclusion measures have not given sufficient attention to the performance requirements made by the tasks selected. Both recent experimental evidence and an analysis of the performance requirements of frequently used overinclusion tasks suggest that a retention failure may be an important factor in the production of overinclusive errors in schizophrenics. Implications of these findings for the concept of overinclusion and for psychological deficit research are discussed.

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A Short Battery of Simple Tests for Measuring Overinclusive Thinking

Cited by 117 publications

References 7 publications

GABAergic Interneurons Implications for Understanding Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder

GABAergic Interneurons Implications for Understanding Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder

The Nature of Overinclusive Thinking in Schizophrenia

Task Requirements in Tests of Schizophrenic Overinclusion

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