A Shareholder’s Freedom of Contract in Close Corporations — Shareholder Agreements in the USA and Germany

Kulms, Rainer

doi:10.1007/978-90-6704-413-4_16

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Sebagian besar negara bagian telah memberlakukan undang-undang khusus tentang perjanjian pemegang saham. (Rainer Kulms (2001). Sebagai untuk teknik legislatif, beberapa negara bagian meletakkan aturan-aturan dasar untuk perwakilan dalam pemungutan suara dan memberikan pengecualian untuk perjanjian pemungutan suara pemegang saham.…”

Section: 2perjanjian Pemegang Sahamunclassified

Perjanjian Pemegang Saham Dan Dampaknya Terhadap Pemangku Kepentingan lainnya Di Perusahaan

Nasseri

2021

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<p>Secara umum, di dunia terdapat dua sistem pengurusan perusahaan yang menonjol, yaitu sistem satu tingkat dan sistem dua tingkat, namun dalam kaitannya dengan hubungan sistem manajemen satu tingkat (one-tier) dan dua tingkat (two-tier), penerapan kedua sistem ini di semua negara hampir sama, yaitu adanya dua dewan – dewan komisaris dan dewan direksi pada sistem two-tier dan hanya satu dewan – dewan direksi pada sistem – one-tier. Dalam menjalankan aktivitas bisnis sehari-hari para pemegang saham perusahaan cenderung menjaga kepentingannya dalam hubungan antar pemegang saham. Meskipun hubungan antara pemegang saham telah diatur dalam berbagai peraturan perundang-undangan, dan juga diatur dalam anggaran dasar perusahaan, namun masih ada hal-hal penting yang perlu diatur secara<br />tersendiri, diluar peraturan dan pasal-pasal akta pendirian dan anggaran dasar perusahaan, antara lain klausul right of first refusal yang memaksa pemegang saham yang ingin menjual sahamnya untuk terlebih dahulu menawarkan sahamnya kepada pemegang saham lain; pengalihan terbatas saham yang melarang pemegang saham untuk menjual sahamnya tanpa persetujuan semua pemegang saham; opsi untuk memanggil atau menempatkan sahamnya kepada mitranya; penyediaan kendali yang membutuhkan persetujuan dengan suara bulat untuk keputusan besar; dan klasulnon-persaingan yang melarang pemegang saham untuk bersaing dengan perusahaan. Para pemegang saham biasanya mengatur hubungan khusus mereka secara terpisah dalam perjanjian pemegang saham. Makalah ini membahas beberapa hal penting<br />yang harus diperhatikan dalam penyusunan perjanjian pemegang saham dan dampaknya bagi pemangku kepentingan (stakeholder) lain di perusahaan. Penulis menemukan bahwa diperlukan adanya keterbukaan dalam penyusunan perjanjian pemegang saham agar tidak merugikan kepentingan pihak-pihak lain terutama stakeholder perusahaan lainnya.</p>

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Section: 2perjanjian Pemegang Sahamunclassified

Perjanjian Pemegang Saham Dan Dampaknya Terhadap Pemangku Kepentingan lainnya Di Perusahaan

Nasseri

2021

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“…74 Ireland cautions against taking the contractual view beyond the scope of private companies into corporate law generally - Ireland (2003). 75 This issue has been debated in other jurisdictions -for the evolving attitudes in the US and Germany see Kulms (2001). 76 Witness Russell v Northern Bank Development Ltd [1992] 1 WLR 588 where the House of Lords was required to be at its most ingenious to uphold the spirit of the shareholder agreement whilst preserving the integrity of fundamental principles of corporate law.…”

Section: Notesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 75. This issue has been debated in other jurisdictions—for the evolving attitudes in the United States and Germany see Kulms (2001). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulating close companies in Corporate Law

Milman

2017

Common Law World Review

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Close companies are the majority constituency in the corporate population across the globe. Yet little attempt has been made by corporate law systems explicitly to legislate for them. This is particularly so in the United Kingdom, where the courts have assumed the role of providing a customized corporate law regime for such entities. The Duomatic principle of unanimous assent, which is used to whitewash procedural irregularity, is the paradigm in this respect. This article reviews judicial attitudes in the common law world in this regard and evaluates the pros and cons of converting a globally recognized common law principle into a statutory statement of the law. It also considers the wider merits/demerits of a discrete regulatory framework for close companies and private companies in general.

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“…Active harmonization of Russian corporate law with the best foreign practices and the appearance of local analogues of well-known foreign legal structures (institutions and instruments) therein designed to provide convenience and increase the attractiveness of investments in Russian companies are recognized as its sustainable development trends in current conditions (GUTNIKOV, 2020). Thus, in 2008Thus, in -2009, based on a study of the experience of developed foreign countries (KULMS, 2001;CHEMLA et al, 2004), the Russian legislator institutionalized shareholder agreements (and agreements on the exercise of the Limited Liability Company (LLC) shareholders' rights). In 2015, owing to the adaptation of the indemnity institutions that appeared long ago and are widely used abroad (DANIELS, 1974;PENGELLEY, 2008;COURTNEY, 2001), warranties and representations (ADAMS, 2005;WAND, 2013;GILI SALDAÑA, 2010), enriched the Civil Code of the Russian Federation with mechanisms of compensation for losses and assurances of circumstances that are popular in corporate relations (including those related to the emergence and redistribution of corporate control).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Russian analogue of the legal structure of a convertible loan

Mikryukov

2021

Laplage

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The research purpose is to give a civil-legal description and assess the prospects for the practical application of an element of the venture financing legal infrastructure that is new for Russian realities. The research methods are presented by special technical and legal tools, and by logical means of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, comparison and generalization, analogy and legal modeling, characteristic of civilist doctrinal research. The research results include the established civil nature of the Russian structure of a convertible loan, the identified principal conditions and the key stages of the conversion mechanism, the research also confirmed its convenience and efficiency. The research significance is manifested in its ability to strengthen the doctrinal basis of the legally permitted multivariate economic activity, promote accelerating the integration of convertible loans into the Russian legal field, help intensify domestic venture capital investment and increase the attractiveness of Russian jurisdiction for foreign investors.

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A Shareholder’s Freedom of Contract in Close Corporations — Shareholder Agreements in the USA and Germany

Cited by 4 publications

References 6 publications

Perjanjian Pemegang Saham Dan Dampaknya Terhadap Pemangku Kepentingan lainnya Di Perusahaan

Perjanjian Pemegang Saham Dan Dampaknya Terhadap Pemangku Kepentingan lainnya Di Perusahaan

Regulating close companies in Corporate Law

Russian analogue of the legal structure of a convertible loan

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