A sham drug improves a demanding prospective memory task

Parker, Sophie; Garry, Maryanne; Einstein, Gilles O.; McDaniel, Mark A.

doi:10.1080/09658211.2011.592500

Cited by 51 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…In fact, stronger initial expectations for memory improvement predicted better memory performance even after controlling for these variables (as well as baseline memory performance and gender).The effect of expectations on memory performance in response to a placebo is consistent with previous studies e.g. Parker, Garry, Einstein, & McDaniel, 2011; Van Oorsouw & Merckelbach, 2007. The current study adds to this literature in one important way.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…We chose to use a memory-enhancing placebo for a several reasons. First, memory has been shown to be subject to placebo effects (Kvavilashvili & Ellis, 1999; Nash & Zimring, 1969; Oken, et al, 2008; Parker, Garry, Einstein, & McDaniel, 2011; Van Oorsouw & Merckelbach, 2007). Second, memory performance could plausibly change over a few weeks, and third, memory performance can also be assessed objectively.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Adherence, expectations and the placebo response: Why is good adherence to an inert treatment beneficial?

Stetler

2013

Psychology & Health

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Objective The current study soughtto better understand why good adherence to a placebotreatment has been reliably associated with health benefits. We proposed a model where initial expectations shape adherence, which then influences subsequent expectations that affect placebo response. Design: Seventy-two participants were told they were enrolling in a study of physical activity and memory and were asked to increase their physical activity by 35% for two weeks (placebo treatment). Main outcome measures: Adherence to this physical activity target was measured by pedometer. Expectations and short-term memory (free recall) were assessed before and after physical activity. Results: Initial expectations predicted adherence to physical activity (r = 0.27, p < 0.03), but adherence did not predict subsequent expectations (r = 0.06, p = 0.60). Testing a multi-step meditational model revealed that initial expectations predicted better memory even after controlling for adherence, subsequent expectations, baseline memory, and gender (c’= 1.10, 95% CI = 0.46 – 1.74). Stronger expectations for memory improvement predicted better memory performance, but adherence and later expectations did not mediate this association. Conclusions: Good adherence to a placebo may reflect strong treatment expectations which may convey benefits by enhancing the non-specific effects of treatment.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

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confidence: 99%

Adherence, expectations and the placebo response: Why is good adherence to an inert treatment beneficial?

Stetler

2013

Psychology & Health

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“…A number of studies suggest that placebos and expectations enhance, at least in part and in some circumstances, cognitive performance (Green et al, 2001;Oken et al, 2008;Parker et al, 2011;Weger and Loughnan, 2013) and other cognition-related tasks, such as reaction times (Anderson and Horne, 2008;Colagiuri et al, 2011). For example, Green et al (2001) used a balanced placebo design ( Figure 2E) to investigate the extent of expectancy in the ability of glucose to affect cognitive performance.…”

Section: Placebos Boost Physical and Cognitive Performance; Nocebos Rmentioning

confidence: 97%

Placebo Effects: From the Neurobiological Paradigm to Translational Implications

Benedetti

2014

Neuron

249

205

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Today we are witnessing a new science of placebo, a complex discipline that encompasses several experimental approaches and translational implications. Modern neurobiological tools have been used to answer important questions in placebo research, such as the top-down modulation of sensory and motor systems as well as the influence of cognition, emotions, and learning on symptoms, diseases, and responses to treatments. What we have learned is that there is not one single placebo effect, but many. This review highlights the translational implications of this new knowledge, ranging from clinical trial design to medical practice to social and ethical issues.

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“…Research has shown that manipulating expectancies can bias different cognitive processes such as the experience of pain [18,19,20], visual awareness [21], memory [22,23], implicit learning [24,25] and emotions [26]. However, despite a large body of research [27], placebo-suggestion influences on conflict resolution and cognitive control, both high-level psychological functions, have been little studied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Placebo-Suggestion Modulates Conflict Resolution in the Stroop Task

et al. 2013

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Here, we ask whether placebo-suggestion (without any form of hypnotic induction) can modulate the resolution of cognitive conflict. Naïve participants performed a Stroop Task while wearing an EEG cap described as a “brain wave” machine. In Experiment 1, participants were made to believe that the EEG cap would either enhance or decrease their color perception and performance on the Stroop task. In Experiment 2, participants were explicitly asked to imagine that their color perception and performance would be enhanced or decreased (non-hypnotic imaginative suggestion). We observed effects of placebo-suggestion on Stroop interference on accuracy: interference was decreased with positive suggestion and increased with negative suggestion compared to baseline. Intra-individual variability was also increased under negative suggestion compared to baseline. Compliance with the instruction to imagine a modulation of performance, on the other hand, did not influence accuracy and only had a negative impact on response latencies and on intra-individual variability, especially in the congruent condition of the Stroop Task. Taken together, these results demonstrate that expectations induced by a placebo-suggestion can modulate our ability to resolve cognitive conflict, either facilitating or impairing response accuracy depending on the suggestion’s contents. Our results also demonstrate a dissociation between placebo-suggestion and non-hypnotic imaginative suggestion.

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A sham drug improves a demanding prospective memory task

Cited by 51 publications

References 18 publications

Adherence, expectations and the placebo response: Why is good adherence to an inert treatment beneficial?

Adherence, expectations and the placebo response: Why is good adherence to an inert treatment beneficial?

Placebo Effects: From the Neurobiological Paradigm to Translational Implications

Placebo-Suggestion Modulates Conflict Resolution in the Stroop Task

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