A SHA-3 based RFID mutual authentication protocol and its implementation

Butterfly Encryption Scheme for Resource-Constrained Wireless Networks

“…With regard to the Discrete Fourier Transform test, however, our results indicated that although the variability in all schemes considered is sufficiently high, there are a few sequences in which the periodic features are found to be higher than would be expected in a random sequence. Based on the STS results in Table 3 , we also observed that the sequences generated by our Butterfly approach perform at par to sequences generated using standard algorithms such as AES (Liu et al [ 20 ]), SHA-3 (Dong et al [ 12 ]), and the block-wise key update mechanism by XTEA (Zhu et al [ 13 ]).…”

“…In comparison with other key generation schemes [ 12 , 13 , 20 ], we observe that the keys generated by our approach perform better in terms of similarity (or, ensuring dissimilarity). The keys generated in the proposal by Zhu et al [ 13 ] includes a scheme of updating the keys block-wise, which retains the other (non-updated) blocks of keys similar to the previous keys, increasing the average .…”

“…We used the generated key sequences to test similarity between consecutive keys using Sörensen’s Similarity Index ( ) [ 31 ] and to verify the randomness in key sequences using the Statistical Test Suite (STS) published by NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) [ 32 ]. Using the results so obtained, we compared the performance of our approach with the RFID security proposals by Zhu et al [ 13 ] and Dong et al [ 12 ], and with an AES-based key generation approach for WBANs proposed by Liu et al [ 20 ]. Note that we also implemented the proposals by Zhu et al , Dong et al , and Liu et al using Java to generate key sequences for our assessment.…”

“…Alternatively, key exchange and agreement can be combined with the regular message exchange to reduce overhead. Furthermore, separate functions (typically message digest generation algorithms [ 12 ]) are used to accomplish authentication, in a process that may involve the presence of a trusted certificate authority or a trusted enterprise server [ 13 , 14 , 15 ]. In this section, we discuss some of these approaches to key management and authentication in RFID and WBANs.…”

“…In some approaches, hash algorithms are also used to assist in authentication. One such approach is the application of the new SHA-3 standard (Keccak algorithm) [ 16 ] to compute message digests using pseudorandom numbers, keys and RFID tag IDs, proposed by Dong et al [ 12 ]. The hash also contains an internally updated key, while the pseudorandom number is updated with each communication.…”