A Set of Loop-1 and -3 Structures in the Novel Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Family Member, VEGF-ENZ-7, Is Essential for the Activation of VEGFR-2 Signaling

Crystal Structures of Novel Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors (VEGF) from Snake Venoms

“…KDR (4). Therefore, the loop 3 structure might determine the binding affinity for both receptors, although further studies will be required to resolve this issue.…”

“…VEGF-A, which was the first VEGF to be discovered, is a homodimeric glycoprotein and is physiologically expressed as four splicing isoforms (comprising 121, 165, 189, and 206 residues). To date, several VEGF-A-related proteins have been identified in mammals and viruses, thus forming the VEGF gene family, which consists of five mammalian groups (VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, and the placental growth factor; PlGF) and a Parapoxvirus-encoded group (viral VEGF; also denoted as VEGF-E) (2)(3)(4). Similarly to the VEGF ligands, four VEGF receptors have been identified.…”

Vascular endothelial growth factor-dependent and -independent regulation of angiogenesis

“…2) (21-24). These unique characteristics of VEGF-E indicate humanized VEGF-Es to be good candidates for proangiogenic agents (25)(26)(27).…”

The PDGFC CUB Domain Enhances Survival in PDGFC Mutant Mice

“…pdgf-c mut is also missing the paralogous loops, I and II of the GFD, which are necessary for receptor binding by the PDGF-C paralog, pdgf-b [16,18]. Loop I has also been shown to be critical for receptor activation by the PDGF paralogs Placental Growth Factor (PlGF) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor B (VEGFB), as well as the viral protein VEGFE NZ-7 [30,31]. Loop III remains in PDGF-C mut , but is not expected to bind pdgfrα in the absence of loops I, II and the cysteine required to form loop III.…”