A sequence similar to tRNA3Lys gene is embedded in HIV-1 U3–R and promotes minus-strand transfer

Piekna‐Przybylska, Dorota; DiChiacchio, Laura; Mathews, David H.; Bambara, Robert A.

doi:10.1038/nsmb.1687

Cited by 28 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 56 publications

(81 reference statements)

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“…For example, a previous study claimed that protein synthesis can occur in the nucleus 43 which would require the presence of mature charged nuclear tRNAs; however, this study has been called into question 44 . Since tRNAs serve roles in addition to their essential function in protein synthesis such as targeting proteins for degradation via the N-end rule pathway 45 , signaling in the general amino acid control pathway 46 , regulation of apoptosis by binding cytochrome C 47 , and as reverse transcription primers and for strand transfer during retroviral replication 48, 49 , it is also possible that tRNAs serve a yet to be discovered function in nuclei.…”

Section: Trna Movement Between the Nucleus And The Cytoplasmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transfer RNA travels from the cytoplasm to organelles

Rubio

Hopper

2011

WIREs RNA

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Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) encoded by the nuclear genome are surprisingly dynamic. Although tRNAs function in protein synthesis occurring on cytoplasmic ribosomes, tRNAs can transit from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and then again return to the cytoplasm by a process known as the tRNA retrograde process. Subsets of the cytoplasmic tRNAs are also imported into mitochondria and function in mitochondrial protein synthesis. The numbers of tRNA species that are imported into mitchondria differ among organisms, ranging from just a few to the entire set needed to decode mitochondrially encoded mRNAs. For some tRNAs, import is dependent on the mitochondrial protein import machinery, whereas the majority of tRNA mitochondrial import is independent of this machinery. Although cytoplasmic proteins and proteins located on the mitochondrial surface participating in the tRNA import process have been described for several organisms, the identity of these proteins differ among organisms. Likewise, the tRNA determinants required for mitochondrial import differ among tRNA species and organisms. Here, we present an overview and discuss the current state of knowledge regarding the mechanisms involved in the tRNA retrograde process and continue with an overview of tRNA import into mitochondria. Finally, we highlight areas of future research to understand the function and regulation of movement of tRNAs between the cytoplasm and organelles.

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Section: Trna Movement Between the Nucleus And The Cytoplasmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transfer RNA travels from the cytoplasm to organelles

Rubio

Hopper

2011

WIREs RNA

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“…Another eukaryotic-specific nonconventional function for tRNAs is the employment of tRNAs in the retroviral life cycles. Retroviruses have usurped tRNAs to serve as primers for reverse transcription of their RNA genomes (for review, see Marquet et al 1995), and for HIV-1 minus strand transfer (Piekna-Przybylska et al 2010 and references therein). HIV has also usurped the retrograde tRNA pathway (see below) as one mechanism to deliver the reverse-transcribed complex from the cytoplasm to the nucleus (Zaitseva et al 2006).…”

Section: Nonconventional Uses Of Trna and Other Signaling Pathways Usmentioning

confidence: 99%

tRNA biology charges to the front

Phizicky¹,

Hopper²

2010

Genes Dev.

683

687

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tRNA biology has come of age, revealing an unprecedented level of understanding and many unexpected discoveries along the way. This review highlights new findings on the diverse pathways of tRNA maturation, and on the formation and function of a number of modifications. Topics of special focus include the regulation of tRNA biosynthesis, quality control tRNA turnover mechanisms, widespread tRNA cleavage pathways activated in response to stress and other growth conditions, emerging evidence of signaling pathways involving tRNA and cleavage fragments, and the sophisticated intracellular tRNA trafficking that occurs during and after biosynthesis.

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“…However, it is now appreciated that eukaryotic tRNAs serve additional functions in processes such as targeting proteins for degradation via the N-end rule pathway, signaling in the general amino acid control pathway, and regulation of apoptosis by binding cytochrome C (Varshavsky 1997;Dever and Hinnebusch 2005;Mei et al 2010). tRNAs are also employed as reverse transcription primers and for strand transfer during retroviral replication (Marquet et al 1995;Piekna-Przybylska et al 2010). Newly discovered pathways that generate tRNA fragments document roles of the fragments in translation regulation and cellular responses to stress (Yamasaki et al 2009;reviewed in Parker 2012).…”

Section: Contents Continuedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transfer RNA Post-Transcriptional Processing, Turnover, and Subcellular Dynamics in the YeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae

2013

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Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are essential for protein synthesis. In eukaryotes, tRNA biosynthesis employs a specialized RNA polymerase that generates initial transcripts that must be subsequently altered via a multitude of post-transcriptional steps before the tRNAs beome mature molecules that function in protein synthesis. Genetic, genomic, biochemical, and cell biological approaches possible in the powerful Saccharomyces cerevisiae system have led to exciting advances in our understandings of tRNA post-transcriptional processing as well as to novel insights into tRNA turnover and tRNA subcellular dynamics. tRNA processing steps include removal of transcribed leader and trailer sequences, addition of CCA to the 39 mature sequence and, for tRNA His , addition of a 59 G. About 20% of yeast tRNAs are encoded by intron-containing genes. The three-step splicing process to remove the introns surprisingly occurs in the cytoplasm in yeast and each of the splicing enzymes appears to moonlight in functions in addition to tRNA splicing. There are 25 different nucleoside modifications that are added post-transcriptionally, creating tRNAs in which 15% of the residues are nucleosides other than A, G, U, or C. These modified nucleosides serve numerous important functions including tRNA discrimination, translation fidelity, and tRNA quality control. Mature tRNAs are very stable, but nevertheless yeast cells possess multiple pathways to degrade inappropriately processed or folded tRNAs. Mature tRNAs are also dynamic in cells, moving from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and back again to the cytoplasm; the mechanism and function of this retrograde process is poorly understood. Here, the state of knowledge for tRNA post-transcriptional processing, turnover, and subcellular dynamics is addressed, highlighting the questions that remain. TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract 43Introduction 44

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A sequence similar to tRNA3Lys gene is embedded in HIV-1 U3–R and promotes minus-strand transfer

Cited by 28 publications

References 56 publications

Transfer RNA travels from the cytoplasm to organelles

Transfer RNA travels from the cytoplasm to organelles

tRNA biology charges to the front

Transfer RNA Post-Transcriptional Processing, Turnover, and Subcellular Dynamics in the YeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae

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