A Sensorless Power Reserve Control Strategy for Two-Stage Grid-Connected PV Systems

Testing guidelines for connection of solar photovoltaic farm to distribution grid: The Malaysian experience

“…Renewable energy (RE) refers to energy generated from non‐depleting indigenous resources, such as sunlight, wind, tide and geothermal heat . In the energy sector, the generation of electricity from renewable resources has received a huge amount of attention worldwide . The primary reason for this is because RE is based on clean resources that produce no or insignificant amounts of waste products and pollutants .…”

Single-Phase Simplified Split-Source Inverter (S3I) for Boost DC–AC Power Conversion

“…The main feature of the conventional dc-ac power conversion systems is usually based on two-stage topologies with the deployment of a dc-dc converter in the first stage to boost the voltage across the dc-link of an H-bridge [3]- [5]. However, these two-stage topologies experience apparent shortcoming such that they suffer from low efficiency with power loss dissipated across both the dc-dc converter and the dc-ac inverter.…”

Virtual Inertia-Based Control Strategy of Two-Stage Photovoltaic Inverters for Frequency Support in Islanded Micro-Grid

“…As this will incur an opportunity cost, it has historically been of little interest for the grid-tied PV system operators. However, in scenarios with a very high penetration of renewable energy, PV systems with a dispatch ability and operating reserves are increasingly of interest [19][20][21][22][23]. A Newton quadratic interpolation-based control method is proposed in the literature [19], in order to enable the PV system to flexibly adjust the active power output in some range, according to the dispatch commands.…”

“…A Newton quadratic interpolation-based control method is proposed in the literature [19], in order to enable the PV system to flexibly adjust the active power output in some range, according to the dispatch commands. A cost-effective solution is proposed in the literature [20] for PV generators, which routinely employs a MPPT control to estimate the available PV power, and a constant power generation control to achieve the power reserve. In the literature [21], a more practical control scheme for PV systems is proposed so as to maintain the operating reserves at partial shading conditions.…”

“…Furthermore, the operation point of the PV generator determines the PV array output power and the degree of up-and down-active power regulating that the PV system can provide; because of the intermittency and volatility of the solar power, a coordination control should be applied to manage the operation point of each PV generator well so as to meet the load supply demand. One feasible solution proposed in the literature [20,37] is to make all of the PVs have the same utilization level, which means the same reserve ratio with respect to their maximum available power, so that the frequency can be supported by uniformly adjusting the aggregated power generation of multiple PV generators within their power limit. However, as the inertia performance does not exist, the maximum power point of each PV generator and the load conditions must be measured in advance in order to update the coordination commands in a very short time interval, which is an uneasy task in practice.…”