A sensor for vector electric field measurements through a nonlinear anisotropic optical crystal

Barbieri, Luca; Gondola, Marco; Potenza, M. A. C.; Villa, Andrea; Malgesini, Roberto

doi:10.1063/1.4990861

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(24 reference statements)

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“…The birefringence of BBO crystal is proportional to the electric field strength. This sensor can measure two components of the electric field by a single anisotropic crystal [93].…”

Section: Electric Field Optical Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress on Electromagnetic Field Measurement Based on Optical Sensors

Peng

Jia

Bian

et al. 2019

Sensors

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Electromagnetic field sensors are widely used in various areas. In recent years, great progress has been made in the optical sensing technique for electromagnetic field measurement, and varieties of corresponding sensors have been proposed. Types of magnetic field optical sensors were presented, including probes-based Faraday effect, magnetostrictive materials, and magnetic fluid. The sensing system-based Faraday effect is complex, and the sensors are mostly used in intensive magnetic field measurement. Magnetic field optical sensors based on magnetic fluid have high sensitivity compared to that based on magnetostrictive materials. Three types of electric field optical sensors are presented, including the sensor probes based on electric-optic crystal, piezoelectric materials, and electrostatic attraction. The majority of sensors are developed using the sensing scheme of combining the LiNbO3 crystal and optical fiber interferometer due to the good electro-optic properties of the crystal. The piezoelectric materials-based electric field sensors have simple structure and easy fabrication, but it is not suitable for weak electric field measurement. The sensing principle based on electrostatic attraction is less commonly-used sensing methods. This review aims at presenting the advances in optical sensing technology for electromagnetic field measurement, analyzing the principles of different types of sensors and discussing each advantage and disadvantage, as well as the future outlook on the performance improvement of sensors.

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“…The birefringence of BBO crystal is proportional to the electric field strength. This sensor can measure two components of the electric field by a single anisotropic crystal [93].…”

Section: Electric Field Optical Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress on Electromagnetic Field Measurement Based on Optical Sensors

Peng

Jia

Bian

et al. 2019

Sensors

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“…To measure the electric field, the fully dielectric optical sensor described in [ 19 ] was used. A linearly polarized laser beam is injected in a polarization-maintaining (PM) optical fiber which connects the laser source with the sensor.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this work, we perform polarimetry measurements by means of an electro-optic sensor, which was already developed and characterized in [ 19 ]. The electro-optic crystal changes its refractive index according to the electric field: as a light beam passes through this element, its polarization state is changed depending on the field strength.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostics of Internal Defects in Composite Overhead Insulators Using an Optic E-Field Sensor

Fasani,

Barbieri,

Villa

et al. 2024

Sensors

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Composite insulators for high-voltage overhead lines have better performances and are lighter than traditional designs, especially in heavily polluted areas. However, since it is a relatively recent technology, reliable methods to perform live-line diagnostics are still under development, especially with regard to internal defects, which provide few external symptoms. Thermal cameras can be employed, but their use is not always straightforward as the sun radiation can hide the thermal footprint of internal degenerative effects. In this work, an optical E-field sensor has been used to diagnose the internal defects of a set of composite insulators (bandwidth 200 mHz–50 MHz, min. detectable E-field 100 V/m). Moreover, a modelling activity using finite elements has been carried out to identify the possible nature of the defects by comparing experimental E-field profiles with those simulated assuming a specific defect geometry. The results show that the sensor can detect the presence of an internal defect, since its presence distorts the E-field profile when compared to the profile of a sound insulator. Moreover, the measured E-field profiles are compatible with the corresponding simulated ones when a conductive defect is considered. However, it was observed that a defect whose conductivity is not at least two orders of magnitude greater than the conductivity of the surroundings remains undetected.

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“…29,30 Optical modulation can be achieved using various read-out topologies: phase modulation via a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, amplitude modulation via a Fabry-Pérot resonant cavity and polarization state modulation using a circularly polarized optical beam. [31][32][33][34] Pockels effect electric field sensors are fully dielectric, thus unwanted electromagnetic coupling is eliminated. Moreover, millimeter scale spatial resolution can be achieved using small crystals and broadband response spanning from kilohertz to gigahertz range can be achieved.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acousto-optic-based time domain electric field sensor for magnetic resonance imaging applications

Yaras,

Bradley,

Yildirim

et al. 2024

Opt. Eng.

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An acousto-optic (AO)-based electric field sensor is presented for time domain measurement under magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A fully MR-compatible sensor is designed and fabricated using a phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating mechanically coupled to a piezoelectric transducer. Mechanical resonance of the piezoelectric transducer is matched to the operating frequencies of commonly used MRI systems to increase the sensitivity of the sensor. Sensitivity of the sensor is measured as 1.27 mV∕V∕m, with a minimum detectable electric field of 4.4 mV∕m∕ p Hz.Directivity of the sensor is measured with a 18 dB orthogonal component rejection. The dynamic range of the sensor is calculated as 117 dB∕Hz, which allows the measurement of electric fields up to 3.2 kV∕m. In MRI studies, the AO sensor was able detect local hot spots around a reference implant accurately with high signal-tonoise ratio. AO sensor exhibited similar or better performance when compared with commercially available MRI compatible electric field sensors. Furthermore, the small size of the sensor with the flexible fiber optic link could allow in situ measurements of electric fields during critical interventional procedures such as pacemaker lead or deep brain stimulator placement as an MRI dosimeter during diagnostic scans.

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A sensor for vector electric field measurements through a nonlinear anisotropic optical crystal

Cited by 7 publications

References 35 publications

Recent Progress on Electromagnetic Field Measurement Based on Optical Sensors

Recent Progress on Electromagnetic Field Measurement Based on Optical Sensors

Diagnostics of Internal Defects in Composite Overhead Insulators Using an Optic E-Field Sensor

Acousto-optic-based time domain electric field sensor for magnetic resonance imaging applications

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