“…With no specific treatments currently available, early detection combined with effective control measures is essential to limit the spread of the disease and minimize economic losses. While qPCR stands out as the most robust method for the sensitive detection of viral nucleic acids ( Techera et al, 2019 ; Kaffashi et al, 2021 ; Kannaki et al, 2021 ; Luan et al, 2022 ), the recent emergence of the real-time recombinase-aided amplification assay shows promise in CAV detection ( Wu et al, 2022 ). However, the field application of these technologies often demands the availability of specialized, battery-supported, equipment and skilled personnel to undertake the analysis accurately.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In tandem with serodiagnostic advancements, nucleic acid-based diagnostic modalities, such as quantitative PCR ( qPCR ) assays and loop-mediated isothermal amplification, have been meticulously appraised and endorsed ( Huang et al, 2010 ; Han et al, 2019 ; Techera et al, 2019 ; Kaffashi et al, 2021 ; Kannaki et al, 2021 ; Luan et al, 2022 ). Emerging techniques like droplet digital PCR and real-time recombinase-aided amplification assay offer promising detection avenues ( Li et al, 2019 ; Wu et al, 2022 ).…”
“…With no specific treatments currently available, early detection combined with effective control measures is essential to limit the spread of the disease and minimize economic losses. While qPCR stands out as the most robust method for the sensitive detection of viral nucleic acids ( Techera et al, 2019 ; Kaffashi et al, 2021 ; Kannaki et al, 2021 ; Luan et al, 2022 ), the recent emergence of the real-time recombinase-aided amplification assay shows promise in CAV detection ( Wu et al, 2022 ). However, the field application of these technologies often demands the availability of specialized, battery-supported, equipment and skilled personnel to undertake the analysis accurately.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In tandem with serodiagnostic advancements, nucleic acid-based diagnostic modalities, such as quantitative PCR ( qPCR ) assays and loop-mediated isothermal amplification, have been meticulously appraised and endorsed ( Huang et al, 2010 ; Han et al, 2019 ; Techera et al, 2019 ; Kaffashi et al, 2021 ; Kannaki et al, 2021 ; Luan et al, 2022 ). Emerging techniques like droplet digital PCR and real-time recombinase-aided amplification assay offer promising detection avenues ( Li et al, 2019 ; Wu et al, 2022 ).…”
“…Notably, unchallenged chickens vaccinated with immune complex vaccines present with bursa atrophy with a bursa:body weight index (BBIX = [bursa:body weight ratios]/[bursa:body weight ratios in the negative group]) of 0.59–0.26, compared with those of unvaccinated birds aged 21 to 35 days [ 17 ]. Atrophy of the bursa and non-specific gross clinical symptoms minimized the differentiation of the nVarIBDV and live vaccine strains when reverse transcription PCRs (RT-PCR), nanoparticle-assisted PCR, SYBR green, and TaqMan-based real-time RT-PCRs (RT-qPCR) were used to detect all IBDVs [ 22 , 25 , 26 , 31 , 32 ]. The one-step real-time TaqMan RT-PCR method reported in this study effectively and simultaneously distinguished the nVarIBDV from commercially live IBDV vaccine strains and the clinical samples obtained from chickens vaccinated using the live vaccine.…”
The novel variant IBDV (nVarIBDV, especially genotype A2dB1) mainly affects broilers in China. It causes an infection characterized by the atrophy of the bursa, a decrease in the level of lymphocytes, proliferation of fibrous tissue around the follicle, and severe atrophy of the follicle in the bursa. Poultry vaccinated with live IBDV vaccines do not have the challenge present with bursa atrophy, which is misdiagnosed for nVarIBDV because of the lack of other gross clinical symptoms. The present study sought to explore the potential and reliability of the real-time TaqMan analysis method for the detection and discrimination of the nVarIBDV genotype from that of the non-nVarIBDV, especially in live vaccine strains. This method will help monitor vaccinated poultry to control and manage infection with the nVarIBDV IBDVs. The nucleotide polymorphism in the 5’-UTR region and the vp5/vp2 overlapping region of the segment A sequences of IBDV were used to establish a one-step real-time TaqMan reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method in this study. The results showed that the method accurately distinguished the nVarIBDV and non-nVarIBDV strains (especially live vaccine strains), and there were no cross-reactions with the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), avian influenza virus (AIV), infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), fowlpox virus (FPV), Mycoplasma gallisepticum (M. gallisepticum), Mycoplasma synoviae (M. synoviae), and IBDV-negative field samples. The method showed a linear dynamic range between 102 and 107 DNA copies/reaction, with an average R2 of 0.99 and an efficiency of 93% for nVarIBDV and an average R2 of 1.00 and an efficiency of 94% for non-nVarIBDV. The method was also used for the detection of 84 clinical bursae of chickens vaccinated with the live vaccine. The results showed that this method accurately distinguished the nVarIBDV and non-nVarIBDV strains (vaccine strains), compared with a strategy based on the sequence analysis of HVRs at the vp2 gene or the reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) for the vp5 gene. These findings showed that this one-step real-time TaqMan RT-PCR method provides a rapid, sensitive, specific, and simple approach for detection of infections caused by nVarIBDV and is a useful clinical diagnostic tool for identifying and distinguishing nVarIBDV from non-nVarIBDV, especially live vaccine strains.
“…Furthermore, using AuNPs as a PCR additive could increase detection sensitivity by 5- to 10-fold in standard PCR [ 17 ]. Recently, some nano-PCR methods have been applied for the detection of viruses, bacteria, and parasites [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ]. Previously, one nano-PCR was established for the detection of Cryptosporidium infection in several animals.…”
C. parvum is an important diarrheal pathogen in humans and animals, especially in young hosts. To accurately and rapidly detect C. parvum infection in calves, we established a nano-PCR assay targeting the cgd3_330 gene for the specific detection of C. parvum. This nano-PCR assay was ten times more sensitive than that of the normal PCR assay by applying the same primers and did not cross-react with C. andersoni, C. bovis, C. ryanae, Balantidium coli, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Giardia lamblia, and Blastocystis sp. To further test the nano-PCR in clinical settings, a total of 20 faecal samples from calves were examined by using the nano-PCR, the normal PCR, and the nested PCR assays. The positive rates were 30% (6/20), 30% (6/20), and 25% (5/20) for the nano-PCR, the normal PCR, and the nested PCR assays, respectively, indicating that the nano-PCR and the normal PCR assays had the same positive rate (30%). Taken together, the present study could provide a candidate method for the specific detection of C. parvum infection in calves in clinical settings.
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