A sensitive LC–MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of amygdalin and paeoniflorin in human plasma and its application

Li, Xiaobing; Shi, Fuguo; Gu, Ping; Liu, Lingye; He, Hua; Ding, Li

doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2014.01.020

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…In an experiment done by Li et al [13], after dosing rats orally with 20 mg/kg of amygdalin, the pharmacokinetic results exposed a short Tmax (less than 2 hours) which indicated that amygdalin may be absorbed rapidly after oral administration with an immediate plasma detection of amygdalin within 5 min. Meanwhile, rats had a long t 1/2 value of amygdalin, approximately 8.45 hours, which indicated that elimination of amygdalin may be slow.…”

Section: Pharmacokineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental and Therapeutic Trials of Amygdalin

Salama¹,

Ramadan²,

Alsanory³

et al. 2019

Int J Biochem Pharmacol

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Natural substances and alternative medications such as amygdalin gained huge popularity in treating various diseases due to wide availability and relatively low cost. Nevertheless, their use may cause serious side effects unless appropriate doses are considered. Therefore, this review illustrates the purported anticancer activity of amygdalin as well as its other effects on different body systems. For instance, the endocrine, urinary, genital and respiratory systems, considering its toxic side effects. Also, this review mentions a variety of clinical trials using amygdalin on both, humans and animals.

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Section: Pharmacokineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental and Therapeutic Trials of Amygdalin

Salama¹,

Ramadan²,

Alsanory³

et al. 2019

Int J Biochem Pharmacol

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show abstract

“…After oral administration, amygdalin requires prehydrolysis via brush border β-glucosidase, leading to a low blood concentration of amygdalin, an increase in cyanide content, the conversion of amygdalin into Prunasin, and the detection of just the precursor of its metabolite prunasin in plasma [ 39 ]. The amygdalin concentration in the blood was very high after the intravenous injection, and very little cyanide was available [ 136 ], and a precursor to amygdalin could be seen in the plasma. Although amygdalin was primarily eliminated in its unique form via urine following venous infusion, the peak defecation rate occurred 2 h after infusion, and the cumulative flow degree by 24 h was 79.6% [ 137 ].…”

Section: Toxicological Effects Of Amygdalinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amygdalin: A Review on Its Characteristics, Antioxidant Potential, Gastrointestinal Microbiota Intervention, Anticancer Therapeutic and Mechanisms, Toxicity, and Encapsulation

et al. 2022

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Bioactive amygdalin, found in high concentrations in bitter almonds, has been recognized as a symbol of the cyanogenic glycoside chemical organic substance, which was initially developed as a pharmaceutical for treating cancer after being hydrolyzed to hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Regrettably, research has shown that HCN can also damage normal cells, rendering it non-toxic to the human body. Extreme controversy surrounds both in vivo and in vitro studies, making its use risky. This review provides an extensive update on characteristics, antioxidant potential, gastrointestinal microbiota intervention, anticancer therapeutic, mechanisms, toxicity, and encapsulation of amygdalin. Antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-fibrotic, antiatherosclerosis, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and analgesic characteristics, and the ability to improve digestive and reproductive systems, neurodegeneration, and cardiac hypertrophy are just some of the benefits of amygdalin. Studies verified the HCN-produced amygdalin to be harmful orally, but only at very high doses. Although intravenous treatment was less effective than the oral method, the oral route has a dose range of 0.6 to 1 g daily. Amygdalin’s toxicity depends heavily on the variety of bacteria in the digestive tract. Unfortunately, there is currently no foolproof method for determining the microbial consortium and providing a safe oral dosage for every patient. Amygdalin encapsulation in alginate-chitosan nanoparticles (ACNPs) is a relatively new area of research. Amygdalin has an enhanced cytotoxic effect on malignant cells, and ACNPs can be employed as an active drug-delivery system to release this compound in a regulated, sustained manner without causing any harm to healthy cells or tissues. In conclusion, a large area of research for a substance that might be the next step in cancer therapy is opened up due to unverified and conflicting data.

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“…To date, Paeoniae radix‐derived components ALB and PAE and the Glycyrrhizae radix‐derived components GCM, ILG, GA, and 3MGA have been detected in the blood of rats after single oral administration of SKT . In humans, the same components have been detected in the blood of human orally administered Paeoniae radix or Glycyrrhizae radix . However, the pharmacokinetics of SKT remains unclear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[19][20][21][22][23] In humans, the same components have been detected in the blood of human orally administered Paeoniae radix or Glycyrrhizae radix. [24][25][26] However, the pharmacokinetics of SKT remains unclear. In Kampo medicine, there is a possibility that the absorption and metabolism of components is regulated by multiple constituent herbs and their interactions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this randomized crossover trial, we investigated the pharmacokinetics of herbal components in the blood after single oral administration of SKT (2.5 or 5.0 g/day per person) in 20 healthy adult trial volunteers. SKT‐derived six target components (ALB, PAE, GCM, ILG, GA, and 3MGA) were selected with reference to the previously described pharmacokinetic trials in rats and Paeoniae radix or Glycyrrhizae radix pharmacokinetic trials in humans, and the targeted components were then measured using validated procedure for the determination of the components.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pharmacokinetic Profiles of Active Components After Oral Administration of a Kampo Medicine, Shakuyakukanzoto, to Healthy Adult Japanese Volunteers

Sadakane

Watanabe

Fukutake

et al. 2015

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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Shakuyakukanzoto (SKT), a traditional Japanese (Kampo) medicine, has been used by patients with muscle cramps and abdominal pains. In this trial, we analyzed plasma concentrations of active components after SKT was administered as a single oral dose of 2.5 or 5.0 g/day per person. The study was a randomized, open-label, two-arm, two-period, crossover trial conducted in healthy Japanese volunteers. Albiflorin (ALB), paeoniflorin (PAE), glycycoumarin (GCM), isoliquiritigenin (ILG), glycyrrhetic acid (GA), and glycyrrhetic acid-3-O-monoglucuronide were targeted, and the plasma concentration of each component was measured using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated, and the linearity was assessed. All targeted components were detected in the plasma after oral administration of SKT. ALB, PAE, GCM, and ILG were detected at an early stage. The linearity was observed for the maximum plasma concentration of GCM, ILG, and GA and for the area under the plasma concentration-time curve of GA. In this trial, we demonstrated for the first time in humans that these components were absorbed into the blood after oral administration of SKT. The results of this pharmacokinetic trial in humans are also important and useful for understanding the mechanism of action of SKT, verifying the active components predicted in basic research, and conducting pharmacokinetics and safety studies in the future.

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A sensitive LC–MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of amygdalin and paeoniflorin in human plasma and its application

Cited by 16 publications

References 15 publications

Experimental and Therapeutic Trials of Amygdalin

Experimental and Therapeutic Trials of Amygdalin

Amygdalin: A Review on Its Characteristics, Antioxidant Potential, Gastrointestinal Microbiota Intervention, Anticancer Therapeutic and Mechanisms, Toxicity, and Encapsulation

Pharmacokinetic Profiles of Active Components After Oral Administration of a Kampo Medicine, Shakuyakukanzoto, to Healthy Adult Japanese Volunteers

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