A Sensitive Immunoassay for Flunitrazepam and Metabolites

Walshe, K; Barrett, A. M.; Kavanagh, P. V.; McNamara, Sinead; Moran, C.; Shattock, A. G.

doi:10.1093/jat/24.4.296

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Recently, considerable research efforts are dedicated to enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Micro‐plate enzyme and kit [31–35] . Negrusz and coworkers designed a micro‐plate enzyme immunoassay method to determine FLU and 7AF in hair and urine sample.…”

Section: Detection Strategy Of Flumentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The different methods were likewise compared, Walshe and colleagues produced an ELISA with high selectivity for the detection of FLU in urine and compared their results with those of GC-MS. [41] Detection is achieved by using an antibody that primarily recognizes 7AF. Volunteers were given doses of 0.5 to 4 mg and urine was collected two weeks after administration, and the outcomes suggested that this laboratory's ELISA detected slightly higher drug levels than GC-MS, under the same sample processing steps in the previous procedure.…”

Section: Gc-ms-based Detection Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection of Flunitrazepam in Biological Fluids and Beverages:A Review

Chen,

Huang,

Qiu

et al. 2023

ChemistrySelect

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Flunitrazepam, a very potent benzodiazepine with sedative, hypnotic and amnesic effects, is commonly used to treat severe insomnia and as an anesthetic. Due to these characteristics, when flunitrazepam is sneaked into alcohol or drinks, it is often highly associated with violent behavior and drug rape cases. Therefore, it is also known as a “date rape drug”, and the detection of flunitrazepam and its metabolites is of great interest in forensic medicine and pharmacotoxicology. This paper describes the mechanism of action and drug metabolism process of flunitrazepam, reviews the different methods for detecting flunitrazepam published over the years, summarizes the detection limits of each method and compares their advantages and disadvantages. We hope to provide some inspiration for future research in this field.

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Section: Detection Strategy Of Flumentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Gc-ms-based Detection Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Flunitrazepam in Biological Fluids and Beverages:A Review

Chen,

Huang,

Qiu

et al. 2023

ChemistrySelect

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show abstract

“…Data on confirmed flunitrazepam samples collected from DUI cases have been presented (195). Flunitrazepam has been identified in biological fluids using GC/MS (196,197), SPE and GC/ MS (198), immunoassay (199), and microplate enzyme immunoassay and negative chemical ionization (NCI) GC/MS (200).…”

Section: Drugs and Poisonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forensic Science

Brettell¹,

Inman

Rudin

et al. 2001

Anal. Chem.

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“…The detection of FNP abuse in urine samples between i to 16 h postingestion of low doses of the drug requires the selection of an immunoassay with good cross-reactivity to FNP metabolitites. This is illustrated in a most recent study (5) where an antibody was generated that had very high cross-reactivity to 7-amino-FNP allowing its detection following ingestion of 0.5 mg FNP.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum and Urine Concentrations of Flunitrazepam and Metabolites, after a Single Oral Dose, by Immunoassay and GC-MS

Snyder¹,

Schwenzer²,

Pearlman³

et al. 2001

Journal of Analytical Toxicology

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A clinical study was conducted to assess the ability of commercially available immunoassays to detect flunitrazepam (FNP) in plasma and urine samples and to compare the results with those obtained by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The clinical study consisted of four individuals (two male and two female) who had taken a single 2-mg dose of FNP. Serum was collected over a 48-h period and urine was collected over a 72-h period. The serum and urine samples were analyzed by the COBAS INTEGRA Serum Benzodiazepines assay (SBENZ), the TDx serum and urine Benzodiazepines assay, and GC-MS. The GC-MS procedure was developed for analysis of FNP and metabolites in plasma and urine using an acid hydrolysis step resulting in the formation of specific benzophenones corresponding to FNP and its metabolites. The relative sensitivities of the assays for the detection of FNP and metabolites in serum and urine were GC-MS > SBENZ > TDx. The immunoassay results for serum samples showed peak concentrations of FNP metabolites at 8 h after FNP ingestion for three individuals and at about 1 h for the fourth individual. The GC-MS, SBENZ, and TDx urine immunoassays detected drug above the stated limit of detection (LOD) in 44, 41, and 35 serial FNP urine samples, respectively. FNP metabolites were detected in urine samples with all three assays for up to 72 h after a 2-mg dose. The improved detection rate with the SBENZ assay as compared to the TDx assay is likely explained by its higher cross-reactivity with the major metabolite, 7-amino-flunitrazepam (7-amino-FNP), and its lower LOD.

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A Sensitive Immunoassay for Flunitrazepam and Metabolites

Cited by 9 publications

References 5 publications

Detection of Flunitrazepam in Biological Fluids and Beverages:A Review

Detection of Flunitrazepam in Biological Fluids and Beverages:A Review

Forensic Science

Serum and Urine Concentrations of Flunitrazepam and Metabolites, after a Single Oral Dose, by Immunoassay and GC-MS

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