A sensitive HPLC-UV method for quantifying vancomycin in biological matrices: Application to pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies in rat plasma, skin and lymph nodes

Abstract

Vancomycin (VCN) is an antibiotic used in the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-derived infections. As it has a relatively narrow therapeutic window, it is imperative to develop a sensitive and reliable analytical method for drug monitoring and pharmacokinetic purposes. In the present study, quick sample preparations and a sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography method using UV detection (HPLC-UV) have been developed and validated. The analytical method for detection and quantification of VCN in rat plasma, skin and lymph node samples was validated based on the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicine Agency (EMEA) bioanalytical method validation guidelines. The optimised plasma sample preparation involved a simple protein precipitation step, with extraction recovery of 100.3 ± 0.92%. VCN in all biological matrices was analysed in a HPLC-UV system (215 nm) using a Cortecs ® C18 column (4.6 × 150 mm, 2.7 μm particle size) fitted with a guard cartridge set at 20°C. Reverse phase HPLC under gradient conditions, with mobile phase consisting of 20 mM phosphate buffer containing 0.5% v/v of triethylamine and a mixture of methanol -acetonitrile (70:30, v/v), and runtime of 12 min/sample was employed. The calibration standards used for plasma ranged between 0.1-50 μg/ml, while in the skin and lymph node matrices, standards ranged between 0.05-50 μg/ml with correlation coefficients (R 2 ) of ≥ 0.9995 for all matrices. The method was selective, sensitive, accurate and precise for detecting and quantifying VCN in the biological matrices used. The validated method was successfully utilised in the detection of VCN in a pharmacokinetic and organ biodistribution study carried out in rats following oral and IV bolus administration of the drug. This validated bioanalytical method offers a wide range of potential applications in clinical therapeutic drug monitoring, pharmacokinetics and toxicology.

Utility of silver-nanoparticles for nano-fluorimetric determination of vancomycin hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulation and biological fluids: Greenness assessment

“…In synthesis or analysis, the majority of laboratories worldwide are moving nowadays towards green chemistry to decrease impacts on the environment and to improve the health safety of analysts. So, a novel ultrasensitive and simple AgNPs-enhanced uorescence technique was presented for VANH rapid analysis in its pharmaceutical formulation and biological uids yielding satisfactory recovery results comparable to those of the reported HPLC technique [21].…”

“…The obtained results by proposed method for VANH analysis in its pure form were statistically compared with those obtained by the reported HPLC method [21]. So, tand F-values were computed and listed in Table 7 where the computed values didn't exceed the theoretical ones.…”

“…An HPLC-UV method [21] was reported for quantitative analysis of VANH in different biological matrices at 215 nm on a Cortecs® C 18 column using a mobile phase consisting of 20 mM phosphate buffer containing 0.5% v/v of triethylamine (pH 2.5) and a mixture of methanol-acetonitrile (70:30, v/v). The results of the proposed uorimetric technique and reported HPLC method were statistically compared for evaluating the e ciency of the proposed technique.…”

“…VANH has native uorescence at 335 nm after excitation at 268 nm according to this study [8]. Hence, the purpose of this research is to introduce novel ultrasensitive, simple, cost-effective, and time-saving AgNPs-enhanced uorescence technique for VANH rapid analysis in its pharmaceutical formulation and biological uids without interference by the additives of its pharmaceutical formulation or by the matrix of biological uids yielding satisfactory recovery results comparable to those of the reported HPLC platform [21]. The synthesized Ag-NPs were characterized by using UV-visible spectroscopy and transmission electron microscope (TEM) micrograph.…”

“…According to the literature survey, some techniques were reported for the estimation of VANH in different matrices including spectrophotometric [4][5][6], spectro uorimetric [7][8][9], electrochemical [10][11][12], HPLC [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21], LC-MS/MS [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33], capillary electrophoresis [34][35][36][37], radioimmunoassay and ELISA-based immunoassay techniques [38][39][40]. VANH has native uorescence at 335 nm after excitation at 268 nm according to this study [8].…”