A Semi-Empirical Water and Energy Analysis of Industrial Production of Nickel From Mineral Ores: Comparative Analysis Between Two Different Technologies of Calcination
Abstract:In the ferronickel production process, mineral calcination is one of the most energy-intensive stages. In a typical rotary kiln calciner, particulate solids and combustions gases move counter currently, while solids undergo drying, pre-reduction, and partial reduction reactions. The combustion of natural gas provides the thermal energy for drying and reduction reactions. About 80 to 85% of the incoming laterite ore leaves the reactor as calcined ore, while the flue gases entrain part of the solids as dust. Thi… Show more
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