“…A growing number of new generators with different energy conversion mechanisms have been developed, such as an electromagnetic generator, a piezoelectric generator, an electrostatic generator and a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) [ 15 , 16 ]. Due to the advantages of a simple structure, a low cost, a small size, being eco-friendly, and a high conversion efficiency [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ], a TENG based on the coupling effect of contact electrification (CE) and electrostatic induction, has aroused strong concerns in the fields of nanoenergy, especially in the fields of micro-nano energy, blue energy and active sensing [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ]. Therefore, continuous improvement of the TENG's output performance is not only the driving force and primary requirement for its development but is also crucial for expanding its practical applicability in modern smart devices [ 25 , 26 , 27 ].…”