“…Artificial intelligence (AI), as one of the most captivating fields in computer science, aims to achieve learning and intelligent decision-making in computers by simulating the structure and functionality of the human brain’s multilayer neural networks . AI systems have found extensive applications in various domains, including healthcare, − finance, − transportation, − manufacturing, , among others. In the fields of artificial intelligence and computer science, deep learning has been widely employed for computer vision, , speech/image recognition, , human–computer interaction systems, , and biomedical image processing, , owing to its advantages in automatic feature learning, adaptability to complex tasks, and large-scale data processing.…”