A self-consistent model for negative glow discharge lasers: the hollow cathode helium mercury laser

Role of the fast Ar atoms, Ar + ions, and metastable Ar atoms in a hollow cathode glow discharge: Study by a hybrid modelThe role of the Cu atoms sputtered from the cathode material in a cylindrical hollow cathode discharge ͑HCD͒ and the corresponding Cu + ions are studied with a self-consistent model based on the principle of Monte Carlo ͑MC͒ and fluid simulations. In order to obtain a more realistic view of the discharge processes, this model is coupled with other submodels, which describe the behavior of electrons, fast Ar atoms, Ar + ions, and Ar metastable atoms, also based on the principles of MC and fluid simulations. Typical results are, among others, the thermalization profile of the Cu atoms, the fast Cu atom, the thermal Cu atom and Cu + ion fluxes and densities, and the energy distribution of the Cu + ions. It was found that the contribution of the Ar + ions to the sputtering was the most significant, followed by the fast Ar atoms. At the cathode bottom, there was no net sputtered flux but a net amount of redeposition. Throughout the discharge volume, at all the conditions investigated, the largest concentration of Cu atoms was found in the lower half of the HCD, close to the bottom. Penning ionization was found the main ionization mechanism for the Cu atoms. The ionization degree of copper atoms was found to be in the same order as for the argon atoms ͑10 −4 ͒.

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of the sputtered Cu atoms and Cu+ ions in a hollow cathode glow discharge using a hybrid model

Baguer

Bogaerts

2005

“…Such a self-consistent model of a hollow-cathode helium-mercury laser was reported by Fetzer and Rocca. 21 In their laser the metal vapor was produced by thermal evaporation. Comprehensive self-consistent modeling of cathode sputtered helium-copper laser discharges with different hollow-cathode configurations was carried out by Arslanbekov, Tobin, and Kudryavtsev.…”

Section: B Modeling Of Hollow-cathode Laser Dischargesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Au-II 282 nm segmented hollow-cathode laser-parametric studies and modeling

Bánó

Szalai

Horváth

et al. 2002

Laser operation on the Au-II 282.3 nm ultraviolet transition is obtained using a high-voltage segmented hollow-cathode discharge tube. The metal vapor is produced by means of cathode sputtering. A small amount of argon is added to the helium buffer gas in order to achieve higher sputtering yield. Measurements of the laser power and small signal gain indicate that the optimal partial concentration of argon is in the range of 0.25%-0.75%. Quasi-continuous wave output power of 100 mW is obtained from a 34-cm-long active region while the highest small-signal gain is 52% m Ϫ1. To explain the basic features of the laser operation we present a model of the segmented hollow-cathode discharge. All the discharge characteristics are calculated in a self-consistent way except the temperature of slow electrons. The trajectories of fast electrons emitted from the cathode are followed by Monte Carlo simulation. Rate equations of ion, metastable and metal atom densities are solved in the negative glow, while another Monte Carlo code is applied for the fast heavy particles in the cathode sheath. The spatial distribution of the gas temperature and the thermalization of sputtered metal atoms are calculated as well. The laser characteristics predicted by the model are in reasonable agreement with the experimental results.

“…[6][7][8][9][10][11][12] There exist a number of models in the literature for HCDs used as metal vapor ion lasers. 10,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19] However, most of these models consider only buffer gas ions, sputtered metal vapor atoms, and corresponding ions, such as for a Cu-Ne laser. [13][14][15][16][17] A few models presented in the literature take into account more species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Ref. 18, a model is developed for a He-Hg HCD, which calculates the electron energy distribution function ͑EEDF͒, the densities of He ϩ and Hg ϩ ions, and of 12 states of He and Hg. Moreover, it contains rate equations for the upper and lower laser levels, and calculates the laser power and optical gain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid modeling network for a helium–argon–copper hollow cathode discharge used for laser applications

Bogaerts

Gijbels

2002

Articles you may be interested inA global model of the self-pulsing regime of micro-hollow cathode discharges J. Appl. Phys. 111, 053305 (2012); 10.1063/1.3690943 Study of the sputtered Cu atoms and Cu + ions in a hollow cathode glow discharge using a hybrid model J. Appl. Phys. 98, 033303 (2005); 10.1063/1.2005381Study of the Ar metastable atom population in a hollow cathode discharge by means of a hybrid model and spectrometric measurements A hybrid modeling network, consisting of several Monte Carlo and fluid models, is developed for a hollow cathode glow discharge in a mixture of helium and argon, with copper as the cathode material. The species considered in the models are the helium and argon gas atoms, electrons, He ϩ , He 2 ϩ , Ar ϩ , and Ar 2 ϩ ions, He and Ar metastable atoms, fast He and Ar atoms, and sputtered Cu atoms and Cu ϩ ions. The modeling network is applied to typical laser conditions. The results of the model, presented in this article, include the electric potential distribution, the density profiles of the various plasma species, and the relative contributions of the various production and loss mechanisms for the plasma species. The model gives us more insight into the plasma behavior, and is therefore useful for optimization of the discharge efficiency for laser applications.