A Seed‐Based Plant Propagation Algorithm: The Feeding Station Model

Abstract

The seasonal production of fruit and seeds is akin to opening a feeding station, such as a restaurant. Agents coming to feed on the fruit are like customers attending the restaurant; they arrive at a certain rate and get served at a certain rate following some appropriate processes. The same applies to birds and animals visiting and feeding on ripe fruit produced by plants such as the strawberry plant. This phenomenon underpins the seed dispersion of the plants. Modelling it as a queuing process results in a seed-based search/optimisation algorithm. This variant of the Plant Propagation Algorithm is described, analysed, tested on nontrivial problems, and compared with well established algorithms. The results are included.

The Plant Propagation Algorithm for the Optimal Operation of Directional Over-Current Relays in Electrical Engineering

“…PPA is chosen to solve the above-mentioned problem of DOCRs. PPA was earlier implemented to design engineering problems such as gearshift problem, spring design problem and welded beam problem [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. These problems are related to design engineering and the results obtained by PPA were good as compared to other state-of-the-art.…”

“…Unlike the single solution-based techniques like Simulated Annealing (SA), it is initialized from a randomly generated population of solutions generated from a normal distribution. Two aspects of a metaheuristic, exploration, and exploitation [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24], are very important to be balanced. Exploitation means to visit the neighborhood of a current solution very well.…”

“…In this paper, we have successfully implemented PPA [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24], for the solution of standard IEEE (3, 4, and 6 bus) test systems. The two types of decision variables were PS and TDS and the sum of operating times taken by all main relays which were needed to operate for clarity of fault(s) in their respective sections.…”

Improved Solutions for the Optimal Coordination of DOCRs Using Firefly Algorithm

“…Nature-inspired algorithms (NIAs) and artificial intelligence (AI) based techniques have been gaining the attention of researchers recently [12,13]. The NIAs which have been used to tackle the problem of DOCRs include, but are not limited to, particle swarm optimization (PSO) [14,15], genetic algorithm (GA) [4,16], modified evolutionary programming, and evolutionary programming.…”

Hybridized Symbiotic Organism Search Algorithm for the Optimal Operation of Directional Overcurrent Relays

“…Ever since, different numerical optimization techniques have been applied to power systems engineering and played an important role [12]. Optimization problems are usually nonlinear, which have nonlinear objective functions and constraints [13,14].…”