“…The unequal distribution of urban infrastructures led to gaps in people's accessibility to basic services [30,31], which created urban spatial segregation. Over the past decade, more and more research institutions and policymakers have focused on exclusion and inequality issues of urban development, with a broader focus on immigration, employment, education, welfare, disability, gender inequality, racial inequality, and access to green areas and clean air in cities [32][33][34]. In 2001, the inclusive city was defined by UN-Habitat as "a place where everyone, regardless of their economic means, gender, race, ethnicity, or religion, is enabled and empowered to fully participate in the social, economic, and political opportunities that cities have to offer" [35].…”