“…Studies on ATC en-route can be at different scales and focus on capacity drivers (i.e., elements affecting the ATC capacity balancing conflicting goals of system efficiency, safety, and controllers' workload (Dmochowski et al, 2017;Metzger and Parasuraman, 2001). They are staff (e.g., number of controllers, staff roster, controller flexibility) (Zhang et al, 2018), systems (e.g., flexibility, reliability, procedures to manage flights within ACC or between ACCs within the same air navigation service provider (Hansen et al, 2002), design of routes (e.g. route geometry to avoid conflict points, route deviation to avoid climb/descent lanes, minimization of areas of nonseparation) (Alharbi et al, 2022;Díaz et al, 2019;Favennec et al, 2018), design of sectors (Granberg et al, 2019), international agreements between civil and military aviation (Jönsson, 1981).…”