A second-order gradiometric superconducting quantum interference device current sensor with cross-coupled structure

Abstract

Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) has extremely high magnetic field sensitivity, current sensitivity, and can detect a low-noise weak current signal. The SQUID current sensor has become the only option of the readout of low-noise detector, such as transition-edge sensor (TES). In this paper, a second-order gradiometric cross-coupled SQUID current sensor for TES application is developed. According to the requirements for TES detectors, the structure and various parameters of SQUID current sensor are designed. The SQUID loop, input coil and feedback coil of the SQUID current sensor all use the second-order gradiometric structure. All the couple ways between SQUID loop and input coil or feedback coil adopt cross-coupling mode in different planes, which can effectively weaken the parasitic capacitance. A second-order gradiometric cross-coupled SQUID current sensor based on Nb/Al-AlO<i><sub>x</sub></i>/Nb Josephson junction is successfully fabricated on a silicon wafer by optimizing the process. The properties of the second-order gradiometric cross-coupled SQUID current sensor are measured at liquid helium temperature. The bias current of SQUID is 215 μA when the modulation depth of <i>V</i>-<i>Φ</i> modulation curve is maximum. The maximum modulation peak of SQUID is 31 μV. The flux-to-voltage transfer coefficient of SQUID is 108 μV/<i>Φ</i><sub>0</sub>. The input coil current sensitivity is 17 μA/<i>Φ</i><sub>0</sub>, the mutual inductance between SQUID loop and input coil is 117 pH. The current sensitivity of feedback coil is 86 μA/<i>Φ</i><sub>0</sub>, the mutual inductance between SQUID loop and feedback coil is 23 pH. The second-order gradiometric cross-coupled SQUID current sensor has a white flux noise of 2 μ<i>Φ</i><sub>0</sub>/<inline-formula><tex-math id="M3">\begin{document}$ \sqrt{{\rm{H}}{\rm{z}}} $\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="12-20201816_M3.jpg"/><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="12-20201816_M3.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula> and a white current noise of 34 pA/<inline-formula><tex-math id="M4">\begin{document}$ \sqrt{{\rm{H}}{\rm{z}}} $\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="12-20201816_M4.jpg"/><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="12-20201816_M4.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula> with 1/<i>f</i> corner frequency around 200 Hz. The result of noise level under the condition without magnetic shielding shows that the SQUID current sensor with second-order gradiometric cross-coupled structure has an excellent capability of weakening the environmental electromagnetic interference. In the future, we will further improve the mutual inductance of the second-order gradiometric cross-coupled SQUID current sensor between SQUID loop and input coil, optimize the size and critical current of Josephson junction, in order to improve the input sensitivity of SQUID device, reduce the current noise level and the 1/<i>f</i> corner frequency, and meet more requirements for TES applications.

Low-noise second-order gradient SQUID current sensors overlap-coupled with input coils of different inductances

“…The designed second-order gradient overlap-coupling octagonal structure is different from that in our previous work [15]. The cross-coupling octagonal structure reported in [15] adopts a slot washer in the superconducting loop and an input coil of 2.5 turns. However, the overlap-coupling octagonal structure in this work uses a whole washer without slots and input coils of 1.5, 2.5 and 5.5 turns.…”

“…We developed a first-stage second-order gradient SQUID design referred to the SQUID designs reported in the literature [2][3][4]15]. This is intended to operate at temperatures from 4.2 K to mK for the readout of TES detectors.…”

“…Compared with the structure reported in [4], this design uses an octagonal washer rather than a square washer, which improves the symmetry, and the input coil turns extend from 1.5 to 5.5 turns, which improves input coupling. The equivalent circuit is the same as that reported in [4,15]. The main design parameters of the two batches of SQUID current sensors with second-order gradient overlapcoupling octagonal structures are summarised in table 1.…”

“…Overlap-coupling structures are widely used in SQUID magnetometers [5], gradiometers [14], and current sensors [2,4]. In our previous study, we developed SQUID current sensors with a cross-coupling structure [15]. However, the cross-coupling structure exhibits a small coupling coefficient between the superconducting loop and input/feedback coil, and traps stray flux more easily than the overlap-coupling structure.…”

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“…A SQUID based on second-order gradiometric design has been developed. The initial results showed that the flux white noise is about 2 μΦ0/√Hz at 4.2 K with an input current sensitivity of 17 μA/Φ0 24 . A SQUID array based on 16 first-order gradiometric SQUID cells has also been developed.…”