A Screening Method for Polychlorinated Dibenzo<i>-p-</i>dioxins (PCDDs), Dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and Non-<i>Ortho</i> Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Biological Matrixes

Chen, Chia-Yang; Hass, J. Ronald; Albro, Phillip W.

doi:10.1021/es001305g

Cited by 17 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Four dams and their offspring were euthanized at GD 16, GD 21, or PND 4 to determine the distribution of mixture components. The analytical methods used are presented elsewhere (Chen et al, 2000). Briefly, tissue was ground in anhydrous sodium sulfate, sonicated with acetonitrile, and extracted using C18 solid-phase extraction cartridges.…”

Section: Sperm Countsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Mixture of Dioxins, Furans, and Non-ortho PCBs Based upon Consensus Toxic Equivalency Factors Produces Dioxin-Like Reproductive Effects

Hamm

Chen²,

Birnbaum³

2003

Toxicological Sciences

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2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD; dioxin) and related polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs) alter the reproductive development of laboratory animals. Therefore, we exposed animals to a mixture of dioxins, furans, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) that included TCDD, 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (PeCDD), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF), 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (1-PeCDF), 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (4-PeCDF), octachlorodibenzofuran (OCDF), 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB77), 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126), and 3,3',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB169). The mixture composition approximated the relative abundance of these compounds in foodstuff (L. S. Birnbaum and M. J. DeVito, 1995, Toxicology Vol. 105, pp. 391-401). Following the work of Gray et al. with TCDD (1997, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology Vol. 146, pp. 11-20), we exposed time-pregnant dams on gestation day (GD) 15 at doses up to 1.0 microgram TCDD toxic equivalency (TEQ)/kg and the development of offspring was monitored. This mixture significantly increased the time to puberty in both male and female offspring. At postnatal day (PND) 32 seminal vesicle weights were decreased; however, only ventral prostate weight was affected at PND 49 and no effects were seen at PND 63. In female offspring, the mixture caused dose-dependent increases in the incidence of vaginal thread. Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity was higher than with TCDD the comparable TEQ exposure. Based on the slightly lowered responsiveness to the mixture, we used 2.0 microgram TEQ/kg to examine reproductive effects. This dose elicited the responses observed with 1.0 microgram TCDD/kg. Results indicate that the mixture causes a similar spectrum of effects seen with TCDD and the slightly lowered degree of response based on administered dose appears to be due to decreased transfer of mixture components to the offspring. Thus, the use of the WHO consensus TEFs (M. Van den Berg et al., 1998, Environ. Health Perspec. 106, 775-792) reasonably predicts the developmental toxicity of this mixture of dioxin-like PHAHs.

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Section: Sperm Countsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Mixture of Dioxins, Furans, and Non-ortho PCBs Based upon Consensus Toxic Equivalency Factors Produces Dioxin-Like Reproductive Effects

Hamm

Chen²,

Birnbaum³

2003

Toxicological Sciences

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“…Soxhlet extraction with toluene, purification on silica gel and alumina-packed columns, and percolation on activated carbon/celite column are necessary but time consuming, require the use of high quantity of sample and pure solvents, and increase costs. New pretreatment systems have been introduced to improve dioxin analytical determination (Djien Liem, 1999;Chen et al, 2000). Also, in this field, recognition capabilities of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) could be beneficial.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computational strategies for understanding the nature of interaction in dioxin imprinted nanoporous trappers

2015

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A new computational model capable of understanding the nature of interactions in signature complexes formed between the template (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p dioxin (TCDD)) and the functional monomers (methacrylic acid (MAA)) using density functional theory (DFT) has been designed. The polymer precursors were optimized for geometries in polymerization media, computing the interaction energies between template molecules and functional monomers of transient pre-polymerized complexes (PPC), and structural and vibrational properties reference to theoretical infrared spectra were computed using DFT of B3LYP/6 311+G(d,p) hybrid functional method. Atom in molecule theory was used to analyze the hydrogen-bonding characteristics of PPC of MAA-TCDD. Considering the theoretical titrations conducted in a virtual solvent box, it was found that the 1:4 molar ratio was required to form the most stable PPC in a given solvent system. The electron density plots indicate strong hydrogen bonding as shown by the 2pz dominant highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) character that could be the preferable sites of binding for target molecule, TCDD. Considering HOMO approach, the active adsorption sites in molecularly imprinted polymer was modeled to get insight on molecular recognition property for targeted molecule, TCDD. The proposed computational protocol is simple, accurate, and novel to design the polymer and is useful to predict the properties of polymer systems than the conventional theoretical analysis of template-monomer interactions.

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“…The organic solvents used for the extraction of drugs in human whole blood were selected based on frequency of usage in research and blood detection in forensic practice [2] , [3] , [4] , [13] , [15] , [16] , [18] , [19] , [20] , [21] , [23] , and on their corresponding toxicities. Thus, solvents of high toxicity such as benzene, chloroform and dichloromethane were not included in our list despite favorable extraction efficiency.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of triglycerides levels in human whole blood on the extraction of 19 commonly used drugs using liquid–liquid extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Huang

Guo

et al. 2015

Toxicology Reports

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Liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) is the most commonly sample preparation procedure used by forensic toxicologists in China for screening drugs in whole human blood. It extracts numerous substances from blood including targeted drugs and interfering substances, specifically triglycerides (TG). With increasing prevalence of hyperlipidemia, the influences of TG on LLE and on subsequent analysis with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) may become a major issue for forensic laboratories. This study aims to elucidate the influences of TG on LLE and to provide possible solutions to this problem. Nineteen commonly encountered drugs in forensic cases were spiked to human whole blood with different TG concentrations. Diethyl ether, ethyl acetate/hexane mixed solutions, chlorobutane and several other frequently used solvents were tested for the extraction of drugs from spiked whole blood. The supernatant organic layer was evaporated to dryness and reconstituted with methanol. The resultant products were analyzed by GC–MS, and the extraction recovery was calculated. LLE with diethyl ether, ethyl acetate/hexane (9:1) and chlorobutane all possessed effective and reliable extraction recoveries for blood sample with low TG concentrations (0.63–6.85 mmol/L). At high TG concentrations, diethyl ether produced a highly turbid substance that could not be further analyzed using GC–MS. Extraction recoveries drastically dropped for ethyl acetate/hexane (9:1) mixture at high TG concentrations, while chlorobutane experienced minimal drops in extraction recoveries. In conclusion, TG levels in whole blood noticeably influence drug recovery to variable extents depending on the LLE solvent. Chlorobutane showed minimal influences from TG content in whole blood and thus is the recommended LLE solvent for forensic drug extraction.

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A Screening Method for Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), Dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and Non-Ortho Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Biological Matrixes

Cited by 17 publications

References 19 publications

A Mixture of Dioxins, Furans, and Non-ortho PCBs Based upon Consensus Toxic Equivalency Factors Produces Dioxin-Like Reproductive Effects

A Mixture of Dioxins, Furans, and Non-ortho PCBs Based upon Consensus Toxic Equivalency Factors Produces Dioxin-Like Reproductive Effects

Computational strategies for understanding the nature of interaction in dioxin imprinted nanoporous trappers

Effects of triglycerides levels in human whole blood on the extraction of 19 commonly used drugs using liquid–liquid extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

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