A Screening Instrument for Autism at 18 Months of Age: A 6-Year Follow-up Study

Baird, Gillian; Charman, Tony; Baron‐Cohen, Simon; Cox, Anthony; Swettenham, J; Wheelwright, Sally; Drew, Auriol

doi:10.1097/00004583-200006000-00007

Cited by 700 publications

(463 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Baron-Cohen et al (1996) screened over 16,000 children using the CHAT and identified 19 children at 18 months who were later diagnosed with ASD based on failure of the following three key items: (1) protodeclarative pointing, (2) pretend play, and (3) gaze monitoring. However, in a follow-up study of children in this sample at age 7 years, 94 cases of ASD were identified (Baird et al, 2000). These findings indicate that the CHAT has a specificity of 98% but a sensitivity of 38%, and missed many children at 18 months who were later diagnosed with ASD.…”

Section: Earliest Indicators Of Asd In Infants and Toddlersmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…One research approach has been a longitudinal, prospective study conducted by Baron-Cohen and colleagues (BaronCohen, Allen, & Gillberg, 1992;Baron-Cohen et al, 1996;Baird et al, 2000) using the Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT). The CHAT consists of nine items reported by parents and five items observed by a health professional at the 18-month checkup.…”

Section: Earliest Indicators Of Asd In Infants and Toddlersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Early Indicators of Autism Spectrum Disorders in the Second Year of Life

Wetherby

Woods

Allen

et al. 2004

J Autism Dev Disord

474

371

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Three groups of 18 children were selected for this study, one group with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), one group with developmental delays in which ASD was ruled out (DD), and one group with typical development (TD), from a pool of 3026 children who were screened with the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales Developmental Profile (CSBS DP, Wetherby & Prizant, 2002) Infant-Toddler Checklist under 24 months of age. The CSBS DP Behavior Sample was videotaped on selected children as a second-level evaluation during the second year of life. The Infant-Toddler Checklist had a sensitivity and specificity of 88.9% for this sample of children. Significant group differences were found on the Infant-Toddler Checklist and the Behavior Sample, however, these differences did not distinguish children with ASD and DD with high accuracy. The videotapes of the Behavior Sample were reanalyzed to identify red flags of ASD. Nine red flags differentiated children in the ASD group from both the DD and TD groups and four red flags differentiated children in the ASD Group from the TD group but not the DD group. These 13 red flags were found to discriminate the three groups with a correct classification rate of 94.4%.

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Section: Earliest Indicators Of Asd In Infants and Toddlersmentioning

confidence: 73%

Section: Earliest Indicators Of Asd In Infants and Toddlersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Indicators of Autism Spectrum Disorders in the Second Year of Life

Wetherby

Woods

Allen

et al. 2004

J Autism Dev Disord

474

371

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“…Despite this heterogeneity, problems with social and emotional reciprocity are considered a hallmark of ASD. Preliminary indications may appear as early as the first year of life, including anomalies in mutual gaze, a lack of interest in the human face, and preference for inanimate objects [18,[21][22][23][24].…”

Section: What Is Autism?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Autism and the development of face processing

Golarai

Grill-Spector

Reiss

2006

Clinical Neuroscience Research

157

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Autism is a pervasive developmental condition, characterized by impairments in non-verbal communication, social relationships and stereotypical patterns of behavior. A large body of evidence suggests that several aspects of face processing are impaired in autism, including anomalies in gaze processing, memory for facial identity and recognition of facial expressions of emotion. In search of neural markers of anomalous face processing in autism, much interest has focused on a network of brain regions that are implicated in social cognition and face processing. In this review, we will focus on three such regions, namely the STS for its role in processing gaze and facial movements, the FFA in face detection and identification and the amygdala in processing facial expressions of emotion. Much evidence suggests that a better understanding of the normal development of these specialized regions is essential for discovering the neural bases of face processing anomalies in autism. Thus, we will also examine the available literature on the normal development of face processing. Key unknowns in this research area are the neuro-developmental processes, the role of experience and the interactions among components of the face processing system in shaping each of the specialized regions for processing faces during normal development and in autism. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease.

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“…It is a lifelong disorder and affects at least 0.6% of the population with males being affected three times more often than females [2,3]. Estimates of learning disability vary.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Executive dysfunction in autism☆

Hill¹

2004

Trends in Cognitive Sciences

1,167

862

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Abstract'Executive function' is an umbrella term for functions such as planning, working memory, impulse control, inhibition and mental flexibility, as well as for the initiation and monitoring of action. The primacy of executive dysfunction in autism is a topic of much debate, as are recent attempts to examine subtypes of executive function within autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders that are considered to implicate frontal lobe function. This article will review cognitive behavioural studies of planning, mental flexibility and inhibition in autism. It is concluded that more detailed research is needed to fractionate the executive system in autism by assessing a wide range of executive functions as well as their neuroanatomical correlates in the same individuals across the lifespan.2 Executive dysfunction in autism.Goldsmiths Research Online.'Executive function' is traditionally used as an umbrella term for functions such as planning, working memory, impulse control, inhibition and shifting set as well as the initiation and monitoring of action [1]. These functions share the need to disengage from the immediate environment to guide actions. Executive functions are typically impaired in patients with acquired damage to the frontal lobes as well as in a range of neurodevelopmental disorders that are likely to involve congenital deficits in the frontal lobes. Such clinical disorders include attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive compulsive disorder, Tourette syndrome, phenylketonuria, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. It should be noted that executive dysfunction can be observed in those with acquired damage to non-frontal brain areas.Autism spectrum disorder is a developmental disorder characterised by impaired social interaction and communication as well as repetitive behaviours and restricted interests. It is a lifelong disorder and affects at least 0.6% of the population with males being affected three times more often than females [2,3]. Estimates of learning disability vary. In a recent review of epidemiological studies the percentage of individuals with a learning disability is given as 70% [4]. Although different labels are used to define people at each end of the spectrum (e.g. autism, Asperger syndrome), 'autism' will be used in this review to refer to the whole spectrum.In recent years three key cognitive theories and their variants have been investigated in an attempt to understand the link between the brain and behaviour in autism. The most well-known of these is the theory of mind deficit hypothesis [5][6][7][8][9][10], and another account is that of weak central coherence [11][12][13][14][15] (see Box 1). Although these two accounts together can explain many of the deficits and assets associated with autism, repetitive behaviours and restricted interests might best be explained by a third cognitive theory: that of executive dysfunction. Executive dysfunction in autismOver the past twenty years several executive functions have been studied in autism. In this rev...

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A Screening Instrument for Autism at 18 Months of Age: A 6-Year Follow-up Study

Cited by 700 publications

References 18 publications

Early Indicators of Autism Spectrum Disorders in the Second Year of Life

Early Indicators of Autism Spectrum Disorders in the Second Year of Life

Autism and the development of face processing

Executive dysfunction in autism☆

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