A scoping review of risk factors and transmission routes associated with human giardiasis outbreaks in high-income settings

Krumrie, Sarah; Capewell, Paul; Smith‐Palmer, Alison; Mellor, D. J.; Weir, William; Alexander, Claire L.

doi:10.1016/j.crpvbd.2022.100084

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 115 publications

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“…Similarly, a history of eating from outdoor including food vendors was associated with higher odds of having assemblage B infection, suggesting increased exposure to contaminated food and water as well as infected food handler and poor hygiene practices [ 30 ]. This proposition is consistent with previous studies among Ghanaian pregnant women indicating that intestinal parasitic infections frequently occurred in those consuming cooked food from vendors [ 31 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assemblages and Subassemblages of Giardia duodenalis in Rural Western, Kenya: Association with Sources, Signs, and Symptoms

Barasa,

Indieka,

Shaviya

et al. 2024

Journal of Parasitology Research

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Background. Giardia duodenalis causes sporadic or epidemic infections in humans. The parasite comprises assemblages A-H with A and B subdivided further into AI-IV and BI-IV subassemblages. Attempts aimed at linking these genotypes with sources and gastrointestinal manifestations of the infection are largely unexplored in rural communities. Methods. In this cross-sectional study, G. duodenalis infection was genotyped and associated with sources, and gastrointestinal signs and symptoms of the disease among residents of Busia County, a rural setting in western Kenya. Demographic and clinical information were captured using standardized forms. Stool specimens were obtained from the patients and used for genotyping at glutamate dehydrogenase and triose-phosphate isomerase loci using the polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. Results. Assemblage B (63.6%) was the most prevalent G. duodenalis infection, while A (20.5%) and mixed A/B (15.9%) were also detected. Among the subassemblages, AI (5.7%), AII (8.0%), AIII (3.4), BIII (30.7%), and BIV (17.0%) were diagnosed including the mixed AII/BIII (15.9%), BIII/BIV (15.9%), AI/AIII (2.3%), and AI/AII (1.1%) infections. Binary logistic regression indicated associations for assemblage A with stomach upset, history of nitroimidazole treatment, and residing in a homestead with cattle and B with age<18 years, history of eating outdoors, vomiting, steatorrhea, and residing in a homestead with cattle, goats, and poultry (p<0.05 for all). Among the subassemblages, associations were found for AI with residing in a homestead having cattle and history of nitroimidazole treatment, BIII with residing in a homestead having cattle and poultry, and BIV with steatorrhea (p<0.05 for all). Altogether, this study illustrates that G. duodenalis assemblage B and subassemblage BIII are the most predominant and are linked to age<18 years, gastrointestinal manifestations, and living in a homestead with domestic ruminants and poultry. Conclusion. Targeted mass prophylactic treatment of domestic animals and utilization of gastrointestinal presentations, age<18 years, and a history of nitroimidazole use are useful in the diagnosis and prevention of giardiasis among residents of rural communities.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assemblages and Subassemblages of Giardia duodenalis in Rural Western, Kenya: Association with Sources, Signs, and Symptoms

Barasa,

Indieka,

Shaviya

et al. 2024

Journal of Parasitology Research

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“…A ni-vel mundial la diarrea por parásitos en el agua causó más de 2.2 millones de muertes por año y fue la segunda causa de mortalidad en niños menores de 5 años. 15 Giardia duodenalis y Cryptosporidium fueron los parásitos causantes de diarrea más frecuentes transmitidos por agua, 180 millones de casos a nivel mundial. 15 De igual manera la contaminación de alimentos por higiene personal deficiente no se descarta; Alemu y col. encontraron que manejadores de alimentos tenían un riesgo de 4.77 (95% IC 2.09-10.87) de estar infectados en ausencia de lavado de manos antes de comer y luego de defecar, con 57.6% E. histolytica/E.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Perfil epidemiológico y parasitosis intestinales en tres comunidades atendidas por organización no gubernamental, Tegucigalpa, Honduras

Kaminsky

Aguilar²,

Zepeda³

et al. 2022

Rev Méd Hondur

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Antecedentes: Alternativas y Oportunidades (AyO), Organización No Gubernamental (ONG) sin fines de lucro ha ofrecido programas educativos durante 32 años en mercados capitalinos y comunidades de escasos recursos de Tegucigalpa y Comayagüela. Objetivos: Determinar las características epidemiológicas y la frecuencia de parásitos intestinales de la población en tres sitios beneficiarios de AyO. Participantes y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal de mayo a octubre 2019. Previo consentimiento/ asentimiento informados, se obtuvo datos sociodemográficos y epidemiológicos por encuesta en voluntarios de 0-49 años que proveyeron una muestra fresca de heces, examinada en el laboratorio por métodos directo, Kato-Katz, Baermann, coloración ácido resistente modificada y prueba inmunoantigénica ELISA. Resultados: Se encontró que en total 147 participantes era pobre, tenía trabajo informal mal remunerado, casas de adobe, madera, bloque o ladrillo; 92.5% (136) tenía letrina o inodoro, 97.2% (142) quemaba la basura o era recogida por camiones y 72.6% (106) compraba agua. La frecuencia de parásitos intestinales fue 3.4% (5) infección por helmintos, 62.5% (92) infecciones por protozoos comensales y dos especies patógenas: Giardia duodenalis 15.0% (22) y Cyclospora cayetanensis 2.0% (3). Blastocystis spp. 52.3% (77) y protozoos comensales Endolimax nana 36.7% (54), Entamoeba coli 32.6% (48) y Entamoeba hartmanni 23.2% (34), fueron los más frecuentes; 6.1% (9), tenía quistes de Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar. La prueba inmunoenzimática de ELISA detectó 16.1% (19/118) infecciones por Giardia y ninguna infección por Cryptosporidium. Discusión: Promoción en higiene (WASH) y uso de filtros para agua de consumo es información importante que AyO debe promover al educar comunidades en salud.

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“…In Europe, giardiasis is the most commonly reported food-and waterborne parasitic disease and was ranked among the top 10 most important food-borne parasites for public health [1,2]. The most common transmission routes, which also cause outbreaks of giardiasis in Europe, include waterborne, food-borne and personto-person transmission, exposure during travel and direct faecal exposure such as through contact with children of diaper-wearing age [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autochthonous and imported giardiasis cases: An analysis of two decades of national surveillance data, Germany, 2002 to 2021

Hommes,

Dörre,

Behnke

et al. 2024

Eurosurveillance

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Background Giardia duodenalis is a major cause of gastroenteritis globally, and is the most common food- and waterborne parasitic infection in Europe. Aim To describe the epidemiology of reported acute giardiasis cases in Germany and compare demographic and clinical characteristics between imported and autochthonous cases. Methods We conducted a descriptive analysis of giardiasis cases that fulfilled the national case definition and were reported between January 2002 and December 2021. We defined an imported case as having at least one place of exposure abroad in the 3–25 days before symptom onset. We analysed case numbers and incidence by age, sex, month reported and geographic region, both overall and stratified by autochthonous and imported cases. Results From 2002 to 2021, 72,318 giardiasis cases were reported in Germany, corresponding to a mean annual incidence of 4.4 per 100,000 population. Annual incidence gradually decreased since 2013, declining sharply during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020–21. Of 69,345 cases reported between 2002 and 2019, 35% were imported. Incidence of autochthonous cases (overall yearly mean: 3.1/100,000) was highest in males and young children (< 5 years); imported cases were predominantly adults aged 20–39 years. We identified seasonal patterns for imported and autochthonous cases. Conclusions Giardiasis in Germany is typically assumed to be imported. Our data, however, underline the importance of autochthonous giardiasis. Travel advice might reduce imported infections, but prevention strategies for autochthonous infections are less clear. Dietary, behavioural and environmental risk factors need to be further investigated to enhance infection prevention measures for autochthonous giardiasis.

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A scoping review of risk factors and transmission routes associated with human giardiasis outbreaks in high-income settings

Cited by 9 publications

References 115 publications

Assemblages and Subassemblages of Giardia duodenalis in Rural Western, Kenya: Association with Sources, Signs, and Symptoms

Assemblages and Subassemblages of Giardia duodenalis in Rural Western, Kenya: Association with Sources, Signs, and Symptoms

Perfil epidemiológico y parasitosis intestinales en tres comunidades atendidas por organización no gubernamental, Tegucigalpa, Honduras

Autochthonous and imported giardiasis cases: An analysis of two decades of national surveillance data, Germany, 2002 to 2021

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