A scanning electron microscopic comparison of the development of embryonic and regenerating limbs in the axolotl

Tank, Patrick W.; Carlson, Bruce M.; Connelly, Thomas G.

doi:10.1002/jez.1402010308

Cited by 27 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Experiments by Grounds and McGeachie and colleagues using muscle in longitudinal sections, confirmed and extended the nature of even earlier work (e.g. Schultz et al, 1978;Schultz et al, 1985;Carlson, 1995;Hansen-Smith and Carlson, 1979;Tank et al, 1977;Grounds and McGeachie, 1987;Grounds and McGeachie, 1989; J. E. Anderson McGeachie et al, 1993;McGeachie and Grounds, 1987), which showed that satellite cells must proliferate in this repair process. Repair capacity in denervated or tenotomized muscle is retained to a lesser extent, and in the longer term, is constrained by accumulation of interstitial collagen and reduced fusion (Borisov et al, 2005a;Borisov et al, 2005b;Dedkov et al, 2001;Dedkov et al, 2002;Lu et al, 1997;McGeachie, 1985;McGeachie, 1989).…”

supporting

confidence: 73%

The satellite cell as a companion in skeletal muscle plasticity:currency, conveyance, clue, connector and colander

Anderson

2006

Journal of Experimental Biology

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THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY 2277 Satellite cells in muscle plasticity formed cells fusing to form myoblasts and finally multinucleated muscle fibres.'That conference was a landmark in studies of the satellite cell and muscle regeneration, and was attended by many of the notable and pioneering contributors to the field of muscle development and muscle regeneration. Muir summarized the debate on a working definition of the satellite cell, as follows (Muir, 1970):'The satellite cell of striated muscle can be defined as a mononucleated cell, whose cytoplasm does not contain myofilaments, and which is enclosed by or lies within the basement membrane component of the sarcolemma of the striated muscle fibre. This definition does not exclude cells which are partially or completely separated from the muscle fibre plasma membrane by extensions of the basement membrane, providing that the basement membrane forms a complete investment of their outer surfaces. ' Although there were presentations detailing the observed uptake of 3 H-thymidine into nuclei of satellite cells (Hay, 1970), the role of satellite cells as precursors was not fully established in 1969. In fact there was still very strong debate that a muscle fibre could fragment into blastema cells that led to new formation of muscle. Even at this time, there was more than one paper on the appearance of osteogenic and chondrogenic tissues from minces of muscle replaced under the skin, and a report of muscle fibre nuclei contributed by a labelled connective tissue grafted into a salamander limb during regeneration (Steen, 1970).It wasn't until two seminal reports from the laboratory of Dr Charles Leblond at McGill University (Moss and Leblond, 1970;Moss and Leblond, 1971) that skeletal muscle satellite cells were convincingly identified as the source of precursor cells that proliferate and fuse to form new skeletal muscle fibres. Time-course studies of labelled nuclei in growing muscle showed that satellite cells were the only muscle cells that had incorporated 3 H-thymidine. The report followed work on colchicine-treated rats (MacConnachie et al., 1964) that showed mitotic figures only in the peripheral 'satellite' position on muscle fibres. The idea that muscle fibre nuclei give rise to the increasing number of myonuclei during the growth was convincingly ruled out (Enesco and Puddy, 1964). The notion that satellite cells contribute these domains to a growing or regenerating fibre, one at a time, is daunting in light of the expenditure of proliferative energy and fusion events. However, it speaks strongly to one of the major roles of satellite cells as a currency of muscle (see below). Satellite cells were also observed on intrafusal fibres (Katz, 1961). Two types of satellite cells were identified on these socalled muscle spindle fibres and were distinguished from those on extrafusal fibres (Maynard and Cooper, 1973), although at least one would now be called a myoblast.Although typically quiescent in normal adult muscle, satellite cells are generally con...

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confidence: 73%

The satellite cell as a companion in skeletal muscle plasticity:currency, conveyance, clue, connector and colander

Anderson

2006

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…However, although the conserved aspects of tetrapod limb development are often highlighted, there are differences that have been recognized. One prominent difference is the absence of a morphologically distinct apical ectodermal ridge in salamander limb buds (Tank et al, 1977). In tetrapods, a thickened cap of pseudostratified epithelium expressing a number of markers, including Fgfs, forms a feedback loop with shh in the ZPA, driving proliferation and outgrowth of the limb bud.…”

Section: Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salamander limb development: Integrating genes, morphology, and fossils

Fröbisch

Shubin

2011

Developmental Dynamics

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The development of the tetrapod limb during skeletogenesis follows a highly conservative pattern characterized by a general proximo‐distal progression in the establishment of skeletal elements and a postaxial polarity in digit development. Salamanders represent the only exception to this pattern and display an early establishment of distal autopodial structures, specifically the basale commune, an amalgamation of distal carpal and tarsal 1 and 2, and a distinct preaxial polarity in digit development. This deviance from the conserved tetrapod pattern has resulted in a number of hypotheses to explain its developmental basis and evolutionary history. Here we summarize the current knowledge of salamander limb development under consideration of the fossil record to provide a deep time perspective of this evolutionary pathway and highlight what data will be needed in the future to gain a better understanding of salamander limb development specifically and tetrapod limb development and evolution more broadly. Developmental Dynamics 240:1087–1099, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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“…The AEC and the AER have obvious and important differences in size and shape (Tank et al, 1977). Whereas the AEC broadly covers the entire distal end of the limb stump, the AER is narrowly localized to the distal dorsoventral boundary of the limb bud.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Apical epithelial cap morphology and fibronectin gene expression in regenerating axolotl limbs

Christensen

Tassava

2000

Dev. Dyn.

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A scanning electron microscopic comparison of the development of embryonic and regenerating limbs in the axolotl

Cited by 27 publications

References 18 publications

The satellite cell as a companion in skeletal muscle plasticity:currency, conveyance, clue, connector and colander

The satellite cell as a companion in skeletal muscle plasticity:currency, conveyance, clue, connector and colander

Salamander limb development: Integrating genes, morphology, and fossils

Apical epithelial cap morphology and fibronectin gene expression in regenerating axolotl limbs

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