A scanning electron microscope study of the development and surface features of floral organs of tomato (<i>Lycopersicon esculentum</i>)

Sekhar, K. N. Chandra; Sawhney, V. K.

doi:10.1139/b84-328

Cited by 45 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…This included the presence of stomata on transgenic petals, style, and ovary, as well as the unusual hairiness of the transgenic ovary, which were rare on the WT organs. However, these observed features, by themselves, are not strong evidence of homeotic conversion of the inner floral organs to sepals because stomata can be found on petals of some tomato cultivars (Sekhar and Sawhney, 1984).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

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Down-Regulation ofTM29, a TomatoSEPALLATAHomolog, Causes Parthenocarpic Fruit Development and Floral Reversion

et al. 2002

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We have characterized the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) MADS box gene TM29 that shared a high amino acid sequence homology to the Arabidopsis SEP1, 2, and 3 (SEPALLATA1, 2, and 3) genes. TM29 showed similar expression profiles to SEP1, with accumulation of mRNA in the primordia of all four whorls of floral organs. In addition, TM29 mRNA was detected in inflorescence and vegetative meristems. To understand TM29 function, we produced transgenic tomato plants in which TM29 expression was down-regulated by either cosuppression or antisense techniques. These transgenic plants produced aberrant flowers with morphogenetic alterations in the organs of the inner three whorls. Petals and stamens were green rather than yellow, suggesting a partial conversion to a sepalloid identity. Stamens and ovaries were infertile, with the later developing into parthenocarpic fruit. Ectopic shoots with partially developed leaves and secondary flowers emerged from the fruit. These shoots resembled the primary transgenic flowers and continued to produce parthenocarpic fruit and additional ectopic shoots. Based on the temporal and spatial expression pattern and transgenic phenotypes, we propose that TM29 functions in floral organ development, fruit development, and maintenance of floral meristem identity in tomato.Flower development has been the subject of intensive studies over the last decade, particularly in the model plants Arabidopsis and snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus). These studies led to the formulation of the ABC model of floral organ identity, which explained the activities of three classes of genes in specifying the identity of floral organs (Weigel and Meyerowitz, 1994). This model has been supported by genetic and molecular data in a wide range of angiosperm species.According to the ABC model, expression of a class A gene specifies the formation of sepals (the first whorl organ); in combination with the class B genes expression, specifies petal formation. Expression of class B genes and a class C gene specifies stamen identity, whereas expression of C alone determines a carpel identity (Coen and Meyerowitz, 1991;Weigel and Meyerowitz, 1994). Most of the ABC genes belong to the MADS box family (Yanofsky et al., 1990;Jack et al., 1992;Mandel et al., 1992;Goto and Meyerowitz, 1994).Although the ectopic expressions of the ABC genes are sufficient to determine various floral organ identities within the floral meristem, they are insufficient to convert vegetative leaves to floral organs. This suggested that other regulators, in addition to the ABC genes, are required for floral organ specification. Recently, a group of three related MADS box genes SEP 1, 2, and 3 (SEPALLATA 1, 2, and 3) were shown to be necessary for the activity B and C class genes in the control of floral organ formation. First, the SEP1, SEP2, and SEP3 (formerly AGL2, AGL4, and AGL9) redundantly control the activities of the B and C organ identity genes in Arabidopsis because the triple mutant sep1sep2sep3 flower consists entirely of sepals. The sep1/2/...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…5,C and D). In WT stamens, rows of lateral and adaxial hairs present on adjacent stamens interweave to form the staminal cone (Sekhar and Sawhney, 1984;Fig. 5E).…”

Section: Tm29 Antisense and Cosuppression Transgenic Plants Produced mentioning

confidence: 99%

Down-Regulation ofTM29, a TomatoSEPALLATAHomolog, Causes Parthenocarpic Fruit Development and Floral Reversion

et al. 2002

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“…Five stages of tomato FM initiation were defined as previously reported [23,24]. The widest diameter of the meristem (μm) was measured in a minimum of ten samples per stage in WT and eno plants.…”

Section: Scanning-electron Microscopy (Sem)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mutation at the tomato EXCESSIVE NUMBER OF FLORAL ORGANS (ENO) locus impairs floral meristem development, thus promoting an increased number of floral organs and fruit size

et al. 2015

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ElsevierFernández-Lozano, A.; Yuste-Lisbona, FJ.; Pérez-Martín, F.; Pineda Chaza, BJ.; Moreno Ferrero, V.; Lozano, R.; Angosto, T. (2015). Mutation at the tomato EXCESSIVE NUMBER OF FLORAL ORGANS (ENO) locus impairs floral meristem development, thus promoting an increased number of floral organs and fruit size. Plant Science. 232:41-48. doi:10.1016Science. 232:41-48. doi:10. /j.plantsci.2014. 3

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“…The very early stages of flower development (ranging from 200 to 1,000 mm in length) have already been described (Sawhney and Greyson, 1972;Chandra and Sawhney, 1984;Rasmussen and Green, 1993) and the size of floral organs summarized as 20 stages (Vladimir et al, 2003). The data reported here that showed in relation to the days before anthesis and the bud forms, the bud size, the anther size, the style length (Table 2).…”

Section: The Size Of Floral Organ At the Days Before Anthesismentioning

confidence: 96%

The days anthesis in relation to the floral shapes, pollen size, and S-RNase gene identifying in self-incompatibility of wild species

Zhao¹,

Zhao²,

Shen³

et al. 2011

Afr. J. Biotechnol.

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Flowering time of tomato (Solanum.chilense) which is a self-incompatibility wild species flowers was determined using a series of landmark days. We established a correlation between the floral shapes and the days before anthesis. The model of tomato flower development schedule was then used to analyze the size of bud, anther, style, and the pollen scanning electron microscope (SEM) in the days before anthesis. Two new S-RNase genes of the Solanum .chilense which was the stylar SI genes were cloned. The structure of the two S-RNase was also analyzed. Finally, the different topology of the phylogenetic trees produced using available S-RNase sequences suggests that the S-RNase have different evolutionary histories.

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A scanning electron microscope study of the development and surface features of floral organs of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)

Cited by 45 publications

References 7 publications

Down-Regulation ofTM29, a TomatoSEPALLATAHomolog, Causes Parthenocarpic Fruit Development and Floral Reversion

Down-Regulation ofTM29, a TomatoSEPALLATAHomolog, Causes Parthenocarpic Fruit Development and Floral Reversion

Mutation at the tomato EXCESSIVE NUMBER OF FLORAL ORGANS (ENO) locus impairs floral meristem development, thus promoting an increased number of floral organs and fruit size

The days anthesis in relation to the floral shapes, pollen size, and S-RNase gene identifying in self-incompatibility of wild species

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