A scanning electron microscope examination of aesculus hippocastanum L. Leaves from control and air-polluted areas

Godzik, S.; Sassen, M. M. A.

doi:10.1016/0013-9327(78)90051-4

Cited by 21 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…Some of them gave reactions with Sudan III, and we can only suggest that these were depositions from the needle in response to the spray. Changes in surface structure were observed after long exposures to different air pollutants (Sharma, 1977;Godzik & Sassen, 1978;Gunthardt-Goerg, 1986; Sauter Sc Voss, 1986;Karku & Huttunen, 1986;Pande & Oates, 1986). Degradation ofthe cuticle can provide a method of detecting effects of air pollution (Godzik, 1982;Fowler et al, 1980).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accumulation of phenolic compounds in the necrotic areas of Austrian and red pine needles after spraying with sulphuric acid: a possible bioindicator of air pollution

Zobel

Nighswander

1991

New Phytologist

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SUMMARYAustrian pine {Pimis nigra Arn.) and red pine {P. resijwso Ait.) were tested for needle damage caused hy sulphuric acid spray. Morphology and histology of newly grown needles were compared in 3-and 6-yr-old plants growing in the greenhouse under controlled conditions. Potted plants covered with plastic hags were sprayed daily either with distilled H^O or sulphuric acid of pH 2-5, 3-5 and 45. Needle tips, mid-parts and bases were fixed after 1, 3 and 24 h, and' 3, 7 and 30 d in glutaraldehyde-^0-1 % catTeine for intracellular precipitation of phenolics. Histoehemical reactions and electron microscopic observations showed that the morphological damage is linked to increased deposition of phenolic compounds in mesophyll cells, beginning directly under the stomata. Disorganization of membranes leads to death of the mesophyll cells, even before morphological damage i.s recognizable as brown spots on the needle surface. Thus the histoehemical reactions and observations of cell structure revealed damage earlier than macroscopic observations.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accumulation of phenolic compounds in the necrotic areas of Austrian and red pine needles after spraying with sulphuric acid: a possible bioindicator of air pollution

Zobel

Nighswander

1991

New Phytologist

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“…Although scanning electron microscopy (SEM) can be used to determine particle accumulation (Gu¨nther and Wortmann 1966, Fortmann and Johnson 1984b, Coe and Lindberg 1987, SEM has been used more intensively to examine the structure of leaf surfaces and for taxonomic purposes (e.g., Eglinton and Hamilton 1967, Jeffree et al 1976). It has also been widely applied to describe wax ''degradation'' or ''erosion'' on needle and leaf surfaces in studies related to forest decline (Godzik and Sassen 1978, Huttunen and Laine 1983, Crossley and Fowler 1986, Sauter and Voss 1986, Trimbacher and Eckmu¨llner 1997. Although SEM images enable a compelling view of the complexity and details of surface structures, it has been noted that probably ''in many cases contaminants were misinterpreted as wax granules and vice versa'' .…”

Section: Particles On the Leaf Surfacementioning

confidence: 99%

Hygroscopic particles on leaves: nutrients or desiccants?

Burkhardt

2010

Ecological Monographs

208

165

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Aerosols have always been part of the atmosphere, and plant surfaces are a major aerosol sink. Given the nutrient content of aerosols and the natural stability of aerosol concentrations over evolutionary time, plants may have developed adaptations to aerosol input. Although little is known about such adaptations, leaf surface micro‐roughness appears to play a key role. This review focuses on the deposition and fate of fine aerosols that are less than 2.5 μm in diameter. Most of these aerosols are hygroscopic, and they are often deliquescent (liquid) on transpiring leaves. Such concentrated solutions may be taken up by both the cuticle and stomata, contradicting previous concepts. The establishment of a continuous liquid water connection along stomatal walls affects individual stomata and is a new concept called “hydraulic activation of stomata” (HAS). HAS enables the efficient bidirectional transport of water and solutes between the leaf interior and leaf surface and makes stomatal transpiration partly independent of stomatal aperture. The response of plants to changes in humidity can be explained by the split transpiration in an HAS pore and its interaction with neighboring stomata, i.e., as an emergent property of a stomatal patch. Normally, HAS affects only a few stomata, but if too many are activated by excessive particle accumulation or additional surfactants, hygroscopic particles may work as “desiccants,” reducing the drought tolerance of plants. This is made use of when hygroscopic salts and acids are sprayed to kill potato vine, but may cause problems in foliar fertilization. Excessive particle accumulation may also be caused by air pollution. It is hypothesized that deliquescent hygroscopic particles, due to their amorphous appearance, may have been misinterpreted as “degraded waxes.” Degraded waxes have been highly correlated to leaf loss, decreased drought tolerance, and decreased frost tolerance of trees. No sound explanation for degraded waxes has been found, and they have been interpreted as symptoms of forest decline. Because hygroscopic particles may affect the drought tolerance of trees, they could be drivers of regional tree die‐off and especially affect those trees that have adapted to capture aerosols. Several research questions are identified.

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“…Finally, the soil retained by leaves is accumulated over the life of the leaves, but each sizJe of particle probably has a unique, finite adhesion time. Sand-sized particles may fall off almost immediately with wind-induced disturbance, whereas some clay particles may actually become embedded in the leaf cuticle or surface waxes (Godzik and Sassen, 1978) and remain until the cuticle is eroded. This aging effect should mean that PER values for leaves will probably exceed PER values for skin because skin is exposed for only brief intervals.…”

Section: Adhesion To Plant Leavesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Concentration enrichment of sparingly soluble contaminants (U, Th and Pb) by erosion and by soil adhesion to plants and skin

Sheppard

Evenden

1992

Environ Geochem Health

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Sparingly soluble contaminants are less likely to affect human health through food chain transfers, such as plant uptake or passage through animal-based foods, because mobility in these pathways is limited by solubility. Direct ingestion or inhalation of contaminated soil becomes the dominant pathway. However, both of these can be selective processes. Clay-sized particles carry the bulk of the sparingly soluble contaminants, and mechanisms that selectively remove and accumulate clay from the bulk soil also concentrate the contaminants. Erosion is another process that selectively removes clays. This project examined the degree of clay and contaminant-concentration enrichment that could occur by these processes, using U, Th and Pb as representative contaminants and using a clay and a loam soil. Erosion by water in natural rainfall events caused concentration enrichments up to 7 fold, and enrichments varied with characteristics of the erosion events. Enrichments were higher for the coarser, loam soil. Adhesion to skin gave modest enrichments of 1.3 fold in these soils, but up to 10 fold in sandy soils studied subsequently. Adhesion to plant leaves, where there was no root contact with contaminated soil, gave leaf concentrations comparable to situations where the roots contacted the contaminated soil. Clearly, adhesion to leaves is an important component of plant accumulation of sparingly soluble contaminants.

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A scanning electron microscope examination of aesculus hippocastanum L. Leaves from control and air-polluted areas

Cited by 21 publications

References 1 publication

Accumulation of phenolic compounds in the necrotic areas of Austrian and red pine needles after spraying with sulphuric acid: a possible bioindicator of air pollution

Accumulation of phenolic compounds in the necrotic areas of Austrian and red pine needles after spraying with sulphuric acid: a possible bioindicator of air pollution

Hygroscopic particles on leaves: nutrients or desiccants?

Concentration enrichment of sparingly soluble contaminants (U, Th and Pb) by erosion and by soil adhesion to plants and skin

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