A Scalable Architecture for Uncompressed-Domain Watermarked Videos

Mareen, Hannes; Praeter, Johan De; Wallendael, Glenn Van; Lambert, Peter

doi:10.1109/tifs.2018.2879301

Cited by 29 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…A disadvantage of both uncompressed-domain and inthe-loop watermarking techniques is their high embedding complexity: every watermarked video requires a separate video encoding. Although the complexity of encoding watermarked videos can be severely reduced by re-using coding information, this results in an additional decrease in compression efficiency [6]. For example, our previous work proposed to embed a watermark by slightly changing only a single intra-prediction mode during compression, while forcing all other coding decisions to be the same as the compressed unwatermarked video [7].…”

Section: State Of the Artmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These watermarking systems have a higher complexity than compressed-domain systems, since each watermarked video requires a separate encoding. Although an architecture has been proposed that reduces the compression complexity by re-using coding information, it comes at the expense of an additional decrease in compression efficiency [6]. For example, previous work proposed to introduce a watermark by changing a single coding decision while preserving all other coding information, but had a non-negligible negative impact on the visual quality and bit rate [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rate-Distortion-Preserving Forensic Watermarking Using Quantization Parameter Variation

et al. 2020

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Watermarking enables the identification of digital pirates that illegally redistribute copyrightprotected videos. One of the main challenges is for the watermark to be imperceptible, while not increasing the video bit rate. Additionally, the system should be robust to attacks that attempt to remove the watermark. Therefore, this paper proposes a robust watermarking technique that does not degrade the video quality nor negatively affect the video bit rate. In other words, it preserves the video encoder's compression efficiency or rate-distortion performance. For watermark embedding, the quantization parameters are varied during video compression. As a result, different compression artifacts are introduced, although they do not distort the video more than those that occur during ordinary video compression. The collection of artifacts represents the watermark and is used for watermark detection. The experimental results prove that the proposed approach retains the rate-distortion performance better than state-of-the-art techniques. Furthermore, the watermarks are robust to recompression and noise attacks. In conclusion, the proposed method enables content providers to perform forensic watermarking without affecting the compression efficiency. INDEX TERMS Video watermarking, imperceptibility, compression efficiency, video security.

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Section: State Of the Artmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rate-Distortion-Preserving Forensic Watermarking Using Quantization Parameter Variation

et al. 2020

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“…If the current coeff_abs_level_remaining value is less than or equal to 7, data extraction can be performed as Eq. (9). Otherwise, if it is in the interval [8], [11] or [12], [19], the extraction of the data bit can be performed as Eq.…”

Section: Case 2 Rice Parameter M =mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the literature, many different data hiding algorithms have been proposed and overviews of these algorithms are also provided [2], [3]. For example, some existing systems embed the information in the uncompressed domain [8], [9]. However, lossy compression is inherently contradictory with data hiding and may result in unreliable extraction of hidden information.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Efficient Commutative Encryption and Data Hiding Scheme for HEVC Video

Guan

2020

IEEE Access

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In this paper, an improved commutative encryption and data hiding scheme for bit rate preservation of High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) is proposed. To achieve commutative property, one set of syntax elements within the HEVC standard is utilized for data hiding, while another set is exploited for encryption. Specifically, the syntax elements including the sign of quantized transform coefficient (QTC), the sign of motion vector difference (MVD), and the magnitude of MVD are encrypted to perceptually distort the video. On the other hand, an improved QTC modification method is employed for data hiding to increase the embedding capacity. The proposed framework produces the format compliant bitstream and allows the hidden information to be extracted regardless of the video being in the encrypted or decrypted from. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme keeps the bit rate unchanged while increasing the embedding capacity. INDEX TERMS Video encryption, video data hiding, commutative encryption and data hiding, high efficiency video coding (HEVC).

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“…f * S i can be recovered to f S i by the reverse process of Equation (18). Denoted the recovered coefficient asf…”

Section: Irreversible K-em/k-dmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Viral Infection Watermarking Architecture of MPEG/H.264/AVC/HEVC

Jang¹,

Lee

et al. 2019

Electronics

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This paper addresses the viral infectious watermarking (VIW) model using biological virus infection for a new-paradigm of video copyright protection of MPEG/H.264/AVC/HEVC. Our model aims to spread or infect the watermark to different codecs each time video contents are copied, edited, or transcoded. Thus, we regard the watermark as the infectious virus, the video content as the host, and the video codec as the contagion medium and then model pathogen, mutant, and contagion as the infectious watermark. Then, we define the techniques of viral infectious watermark generation, kernel-based VIW, and content-based VIW. Furthermore, we present a reversible VIW for fast infection in VIW model. This makes the video quality and strength be adaptively controlled in the infectious process. Experiment results verified that our VIW model can detect or recover the reversible watermark without loss in different codecs and also can maintain the quality of video content that is recovered to the same bit rate. 2 of 20 reliability, and video quality. Early stage works [1-6] focused on the compressed DCT domain of MPEG-2/-4, H.264 codec or the uncompressed DWT domain, considering the robustness in the face of geometric and temporal attacks. Hartung et al. [1] presented an additive spread-spectrum watermarking technique for MPEG-2 compressed video stream that embeds the watermark in the entropy coded DCT coefficients. Swanson et al. presented an object-based transparent watermarking technique [2] and also a temporal wavelet transform-based multi-resolution watermarking technique [3]. Serdean et al. [4] presented DWT-based high capacity video watermarking invariant to geometrical attacks that uses a spatial domain reference watermark. Wang et al. [5] presented a set of robust MPEG-2 video watermarking focused on geometric processing such as cropping, removal of any rows, downscaling, frame dropping, and bit-rate reduction. Zhang et al. [6] embedded the modified 2D 8-bit watermark pattern in the compressed domain to accommodate the computational constraints of H.264/AVC. Recent stage works [7-14] have considered different codecs and the robustness to combination of commonly used attacks with the development of codecs. Asikuzzaman et al. [7] embedded the watermark into one level of the dual-tree complex wavelet transform (DT DWT) of the chrominance channel and extracted the watermark depending on the resolution of the downscaled version of the watermarked frame and the information of that frame without using the key. Fallahpour et al. [8] generated the watermark signals by the macroblock's and frame's indices and embedded them into the nonzero quantized DCT values of blocks, mostly the last nonzero values, enabling detection of spatial, temporal, and spatiotemporal tampering. Stutz et al. [9] presented a non-blind watermarking for H.264/CAVLC structure-preserving substitution with high capacity without changing the length of video stream. Khalilian et al. [10] embedded the watermark in the LL sub-band of DWT coefficients that offers the...

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A Scalable Architecture for Uncompressed-Domain Watermarked Videos

Cited by 29 publications

References 36 publications

Rate-Distortion-Preserving Forensic Watermarking Using Quantization Parameter Variation

Rate-Distortion-Preserving Forensic Watermarking Using Quantization Parameter Variation

An Efficient Commutative Encryption and Data Hiding Scheme for HEVC Video

Biological Viral Infection Watermarking Architecture of MPEG/H.264/AVC/HEVC

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