A Runoff Characteristics Study of Thiacloprid by Helicopter Spraying to Exterminate Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Screening, isolation and mechanism of a nematicidal extract from actinomycetes against the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

“…For the control of PWD, physical, chemical and biological methods are generally used, such as felling, fumigation, crushing and burning of pine trees suffering from PWD ( Cai and Lang, 2011 ); reducing the planting quantity of pine forests around the epidemic area; and implementing preventive methods, including injecting chemically synthetic pesticides (emamectin benzoate) ( Ryss et al., 2011 ) into the trunk or spraying insecticides (thiacloprid) into the affected area ( Shin, 2008 ; Yu et al., 2016 ; Zhao et al., 1998 ). However, burning has the potential to cause uncontrollable forest fires that endanger healthy trees and the use of nematicidal chemicals may have adverse effects on forest ecosystems ( Siemann et al., 2008 ; Yi et al., 2015 ) as well as human health ( Kearn et al., 2014 ). Moreover, the frequent use of commercial nematicides may increase the risk of nematode resistance ( Hague and Gowen, 1987 ).…”