“…Although there are a few exceptions (Brandt et al, 1997;Gretton, unpublished doctoral dissertation), most studies also point to the higher risk of substance abuse, earlier onset for drug use, and experimentation with a greater variety of drugs among psychopathic adolescents (Mailloux, Forth, & Kroner, 1997;Murrie & Cornell, 2000;Toupin, Mercier, Déry, Cô te, & Hodgins, 1996). Moreover, adolescent psychopathy is associated with a higher number and annual rate of prior violent offences (Forth et al, 1990;Forth & Tobin, 1995;Gretton, unpublished doctoral dissertation;Smith et al, 1997), a higher number of institutional misbehaviors and aggression while incarcerated (see, e.g., Edens, Poythress, & Lilienfeld, 1999;Murdock Hicks, Rogers, & Cashel, 2000;Rogers et al, 1997), a higher escape and conditional release risk (Gretton, unpublished doctoral dissertation), and a greater tendency toward violent recidivism (Brandt et al, 1997;Gretton, McBride, Hare, O'Shaughnessy, & Kumka, 2001;Gretton, McBride, O'Shaughnessy, & Hare, 1997). Recent data also suggests that psychopathic adolescents anticipate positive rewards from the use of aggression (Pardini, Lochman, & Frick, 2003).…”