A Role For Stage 2 Sleep in Memory Processing

Nader, Rebecca S.; Smith, Carlyle

doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198574002.003.0005

Cited by 33 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Our two nap groups spent at least 10 min in sleep but differed with respect to the presence of sleep stages SWS and REM, since the short nap did not exceed 20 min and finished before the occurrence of deep SWS. The fact that delayed gains following MI practice were similar in these groups therefore extends the results by Nader and Smith (2003), Nishida and Walker (2007), and Korman et al (2007), who emphasized the importance of NREM sleep including stage 2 for efficient motor consolidation.…”

Section: Mean Movement Times (S)supporting

confidence: 82%

Daytime naps improve motor imagery learning

Debarnot

Castellani

Valenza

et al. 2011

Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci

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Sleep is known to contribute to motor memory consolidation. Recent studies have provided evidence that a night of sleep plays a similar functional role following motor imagery (MI), while the simple passage of time does not result in performance gains. Here, we examined the benefits of a daytime nap on motor memory consolidation after MI practice. Participants were trained by MI on an explicitly known sequence of finger movements at 11:00. Half of the participants were then subjected (at 14:00) to either a short nap (10 min of stage 2 sleep) or a long nap (60-90 min, including slow wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep). We also collected data from both quiet and active rest control groups. All participants remained in the lab until being retested at 16:00. The data revealed that a daytime nap after imagery practice improved motor performance and, therefore, facilitated motor memory consolidation, as compared with spending a similar time interval in the wake state. Interestingly, the results revealed that both short and long naps resulted in similar delayed performance gains. The data might also suggest that the presence of slow wave and rapid eye movement sleep does not provide additional benefits for the sleep-dependent motor skill consolidation following MI practice.

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Section: Mean Movement Times (S)supporting

confidence: 82%

Daytime naps improve motor imagery learning

Debarnot

Castellani

Valenza

et al. 2011

Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci

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“…Although the cortical processing of sensory information during sleep is curtailed, some cortical neurons are relatively active in the presence of sleep spindles (Steriade, Timofeev, & Grenier, 2001). It has been suggested that sleep spindles may reflect some active processes that facilitate cortical plasticity given cortical neurons display enhanced responsiveness to stimulation following spindles (Timofeev et al, 2002), which in turn may subserve functions such as memory consolidation (Schabus et al, 2004;Steriade, 2005a) and procedural learning (Fogel & Smith, 2006;Nader & Smith, 2003). The positive correlation between sleep spindle activity and hippocampal activity in the present study is consistent with such a possibility.…”

Section: Sleep Spindlessupporting

confidence: 86%

Positron Emission Tomography Correlates of Visually-Scored Electroencephalographic Waveforms During Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep

Picchioni

Killgore

Balkin

et al. 2009

International Journal of Neuroscience

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Visually-scored, non-Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep electroencephalographic (EEG) waveform activity for each 30-s sleep scored epoch-including the number of sleep spindles, the number of K-complexes, and the percentage of delta waves occupying the epoch-was correlated with H(2)(15)O positron emission tomography. Sleep spindle correlations included positive correlations in the thalamus and right hippocampus. K-complex correlations included positive correlations in the frontomedian prefrontal cortex and cerebellum. Delta wave correlations included negative correlations in the thalamus, frontomedian prefrontal cortex, dorsal pons, and primary visual cortex. Each pattern of correlations may suggest a functional significance for these waveforms that relates to a waking outcome.

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“…Because sleep in the last half of the night consists largely of REM sleep and Stage 2 sleep and because the subjects in the selective REM deprivation condition were not impaired at retest, the authors concluded that Stage 2 sleep was important for the consolidation of this simple motor task. Other research by Smith and colleagues (Fogel & Smith, 2006;Nader & Smith, 2003) has shown that the number and density of Stage 2 sleep spindles increases significantly in subjects following acquisition of simple Trent University, Canada motor tasks. These findings are particularly interesting because it has been suggested that sleep spindles represent an ideal mechanism to promote synaptic plasticity (Destexhe & Sejnowski, 2001;Steriade, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…There has been some evidence to suggest that SWS and REM sleep facilitate declarative memory for neutral (Peigneux et al, 2004;Plihal & Born, 1997, 1999 and emotional (Wagner, Gais, & Born, 2001) material, respectively. Regarding nondeclarative memory, both REM sleep (Smith, Nixon, & Nader, 2004;Wagner, Hallschmid, Verleger, & Born, 2003;Maquet et al, 2000;Stickgold, LaTanya, & Hobson, 2000;Plihal & Born, 1997, 1999Smith, 1993;Buchegger, Fritsch, Meier-Koll, & Riehle, 1991) and Stage 2 sleep (Fogel & Smith, 2006;Nader & Smith, 2003;Walker, Brakefield, Morgan, Hobson, & Stickgold, 2002;Smith & MacNeill, 1994) have been identified as being important for the memory consolidation. There have been at least two different ways to explain these discrepant findings with respect to sleep stages and nondeclarative memory: the complexity of the task (Smith, 2001) and the novelty of the task (Smith, Aubrey, & Peters, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Sleep Architecture following Motor Learning Depend on Initial Skill Level

Peters¹,

Smith²,

Smith³

2007

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

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Previous research has linked both rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and Stage 2 sleep to procedural memory consolidation. The present study sought to clarify the relationship between sleep stages and procedural memory consolidation by examining the effect of initial skill level in this relationship in young adults. In-home sleep recordings were performed on participants before and after learning the pursuit rotor task. We divided the participants into low- and high-skill groups based on their initial performance of the pursuit rotor task. In high-skill participants, there was a significant increase in Stage 2 spindle density after learning, and there was a significant correlation between the spindle density that occurred after learning and pursuit rotor performance at retest 1 week later. In contrast, there was a significant correlation between changes in REM density and performance on the pursuit rotor task during retest 1 week later in low-skill participants, although the actual increase in REM density failed to reach significance in this group. The results of the present study suggest the presence of a double dissociation in the sleep-related processes that are involved in procedural memory consolidation in low- and high-skill individuals. These results indicate that the changes in sleep microarchitecture that take place after learning depend on the initial skill level of the individual and therefore provide validation for the model proposed by Smith et al. [Smith, C. T., Aubrey, J. B., & Peters, K. R. Different roles for REM and Stage 2 sleep in motor learning. Psychologica Belgica, 44, 79-102, 2004]. Accordingly, skill level is an important variable that needs to be considered in future research on sleep and memory consolidation.

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A Role For Stage 2 Sleep in Memory Processing

Cited by 33 publications

References 24 publications

Daytime naps improve motor imagery learning

Daytime naps improve motor imagery learning

Positron Emission Tomography Correlates of Visually-Scored Electroencephalographic Waveforms During Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep

Changes in Sleep Architecture following Motor Learning Depend on Initial Skill Level

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