A role for DNA methylation in bumblebee morphogenesis hints at female-specific developmental erasure

Abstract

Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, are crucial factors in animal development. In some mammals almost all DNA methylation is erased during embryo development and re-established in a sex- and cell-specific manner. This erasure and re-establishment is thought to primarily be a vertebrate-specific trait. Insects are particularly interesting in terms of development as many species often undergo remarkable morphological changes en route to maturity, i.e. morphogenesis. However, little is known about the role of epigenetic mechanisms in this process across species. We have used whole genome bisulfite sequencing to track genome-wide DNA methylation changes through the development of an economically and environmentally important pollinator species, the bumblebeeBombus terrestris. We find overall levels of DNA methylation vary throughout development and we find developmentally relevant differentially methylated genes throughout. Intriguingly, we have identified a depletion of DNA methylation in ovaries and an enrichment in sperm. We suggest this could represent a sex-specific DNA methylation erasure event. To our knowledge this is the first suggestion of possible developmental DNA methylation erasure in an insect species. This study lays the required groundwork for functional experimental work to determine if there is a causal-nature to the DNA methylation differences identified. Additionally, the application of single-cell methylation sequencing to this system will enable more accurate identification of when/if DNA methylation is erased during development.