A roentgenographic method for measuring nasal mucous velocity

Yergin, Bruce M.; Saketkhoo, Kiumars; Michaelson, Edward D.; Serafini, Sandra; Kovitz, Kevin L.; Sackner, Marvin A.

doi:10.1152/jappl.1978.44.6.964

Cited by 47 publications

(22 citation statements)

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“…15,16,20) The average clearance e-mail: sveinbj@hi.is time for an adult, free from nasal disease, is about 7-15 min based on a saccharin test. [21][22][23][24] If the subjects were fasting (e.g. waiting to go to a nasal procedure) the average clearance was measured to be 13.3 min (5.3-32.5 min).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Cilia and the Mucociliary Clearance on Successful Drug Delivery

Gizurarson

2015

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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Nasal mucociliary clearance is one of the most important factors affecting nasal delivery of drugs and vaccines. This is also the most important physiological defense mechanism inside the nasal cavity. It removes inhaled (and delivered) particles, microbes and substances trapped in the mucus. Almost all inhaled particles are trapped in the mucus carpet and transported with a rate of 8-10 mm/h toward the pharynx. This transport is conducted by the ciliated cells, which contain about 100-250 motile cellular appendages called cilia, 0.3 µm wide and 5 µm in length that beat about 1000 times every minute or 12-15 Hz. For efficient mucociliary clearance, the interaction between the cilia and the nasal mucus needs to be well structured, where the mucus layer is a tri-layer: an upper gel layer that floats on the lower, more aqueous solution, called the periciliary liquid layer and a third layer of surfactants between these two main layers. Pharmacokinetic calculations of the mucociliary clearance show that this mechanism may account for a substantial difference in bioavailability following nasal delivery. If the formulation irritates the nasal mucosa, this mechanism will cause the irritant to be rapidly diluted, followed by increased clearance, and swallowed. The result is a much shorter duration inside the nasal cavity and therefore less nasal bioavailability.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Cilia and the Mucociliary Clearance on Successful Drug Delivery

Gizurarson

2015

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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“…[12] It is considered to be as efficacious as the measurement of clearance using radiolabelled particles. [15] In fact, it has been proposed as an effective screening test to detect abnormal NMC. [16]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of cigarette smoking on nasal mucociliary clearance: A comparative analysis using saccharin test

et al. 2014

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Background:Nasal mucociliary clearance (NMC) system transports the mucus layer covering the nasal epithelium towards nasopharynx by ciliary beating at a frequency of 7-16 Hz. NMC is altered by septal deviations, upper respiratory infections, and drugs. Few studies have revealed significant depression of ciliary activity in smokers. We conducted this study to compare NMC and influence duration of smoking on NMC in adult smokers and nonsmokers using saccharin test.Materials and Methods:Our study included 30 nonsmokers and 30 smokers (21-40 years) who were not on any medications and had no history of any systemic illness. Time elapsing until the first experience of sweet taste at posterior nasopharynx, following placement of saccharin particle approximately 1 cm behind the anterior end of inferior turbinate was recorded as NMC time in minutes using standard method described by Anderson. Mean NMC of both groups were compared using Student's t-test and influence of duration was analyzed by one-way Analysis of variance (ANOVA).Results:NMC was significantly prolonged in smokers (481.2 ± 29.83; P < 0.01) in comparison to nonsmokers (300.32 ± 17.42 s). A statistically significant increase in NMC was observed with an increase in duration of smoking habit (NMC in smoking <1 year = 492.25 ± 79.93 s, 1-5 years = 516.7 ± 34.01 s, >5 years = 637.5 ± 28.49 s; F statistic = 20.8968, P = 0.0000).Conclusions:NMC measurement is a simple and useful index for the assessment of effect of smoking on the ciliary activity of respiratory mucosa. Prolonged clearance observed in smokers of our study may be due to slowed ciliary beat frequency or reduction in number of cilia and changes in viscoelastic properties of mucus.

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“…There is often an intrapersonal difference between clearance times when repeated tests are performed over a long period. 9 In addition to these possible changes with the nasal cycle, other groups have also claimed that the mucociliary clearance has a diurnal variation with clearance rates being highest at 10 am and lowest at 4 am. 15 However, there is no indication as to whether this work was performed on total or unilateral nasal clearance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6 Many techniques have been utilised to measure mucociliary rates of which saccharin detection 7 remains the most useful in clinical practice. Other methods, used mainly for research purposes, include the use of visible dyes or particles 4,8 small metal discs (imaged by¯uoroscopy) 9 and radiolabelled particles 5 (detected by gamma scintigraphy). Although it requires the use of specialised equipment, the use of radioisotopes has been shown to be an excellent method of obtaining detailed information about the clearance pathways in healthy and diseased subjects.…”

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confidence: 99%