“…Production planning and control need to cope with the intrinsic uncertainty of real manufacturing environments (Aytug et al 2005), characterised by incomplete information, and unexpected events that may stem from a wide range of sources, e.g., the duration of production activities could vary, new activities, like rush orders or reworks, could need to be executed with a higher priority, order cancellations, random machine breakdowns, and shortage of materials (Allahverdi and Aydilek 2010;Alfieri et al 2011). Special and relevant cases are remanufacturing processes that, differently from manufacturing ones, are characterised by considerable uncertainty due to the variable and unpredictable wear of used parts (Liu and Urgo 2022).…”