“…Filtering methods based on geometry constraints are also explored to refine line features [ 5 , 9 , 10 , 23 , 36 , 37 ]. For example, the IPM-based methods [ 3 , 9 , 18 , 20 , 25 , 27 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 35 , 36 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 ] eliminate noise by searching for horizontal intensity bumps in bird’s eye-view images based on the assumptions of parallel lane boundaries and flat roads. However, if roads are not flat, with those methods, lane boundaries will be mapped as nonparallel lines on the bird’s eye-view images, thereby leading to false detection.…”