A robust fiber-based quantum thermometer coupled with nitrogen-vacancy centers

Abstract

The nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond has been broadly applied in quantum sensing since it is sensitive to different physical quantities. Meanwhile, it is difficult to isolate disturbances from unwanted physical quantities in practical applications. Here, we present a fiber-based quantum thermometer by tracking the sharp-dip in the zero-field optically detected magnetic resonance spectrum in a high-density nitrogen-vacancy ensemble. Such a scheme can not only significantly isolate the magnetic field and microwave power drift but also improve the temperature sensitivity. Thanks to its simplicity and compatibility in implementation and robustness, this quantum thermometer is then applied to the surface temperature imaging of an electronic chip with a sensitivity of 18mK/Hz. It thus paves the way to high sensitive temperature measurements in ambiguous environments.

Toward Quantitative Bio-sensing with Nitrogen–Vacancy Center in Diamond

“…The NV center in diamond has been demonstrated to be a stable nanothermometer based on the ODMR thermal shift, ,− or the zero-phonon line (ZPL) ,,− due to the thermally induced lattice strains. , It has been shown that the thermosensing capability of NV centers is hardly influenced by environmental factors, such as pH, ions, viscosity, and organic solvent, which renders them reliable thermometers even under complex biological environments. Besides, the excellent thermal conductivity of diamond ensures that all NV centers within a nanocrystal are in thermal equilibrium with the local environment.…”

“…Many efforts, i.e. , the three-point method, frequency modulation scheme, , and coherent control methods − , ( e.g. , Coop-D-Ramsey sequence), have also been developed to simplify and speed up the NV thermometry.…”

“…Specifically, they improved the temporal resolution by a four-point method, i.e., recording the fluorescence at only four different MW frequencies rather than the full ODMR spectrum. Many efforts, i.e., the three-point method, 352 frequency modulation scheme, 353,354 and coherent control methods [355][356][357][358]375 (e.g., Coop-D-Ramsey sequence 358 ), have also been developed to simplify and speed up the NV thermometry. As an alternative way, all-optical NV thermometry has been demonstrated, including the measurement of the thermal shifts of NV centers' ZPL located at 637 nm, 364,365,367,368 the Debye−Waller factor (i.e., the ratio of the area under the ZPL versus the total emission band), 371 and the change of the ZPL height with respect to the phonon sideband.…”

Simultaneous temperature and magnetic field measurements using time-division multiplexing

“…Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers are emerging solid-state quantum sensors that can measure several physical quantities using different detection protocols due to the influence of physical quantities variations such as magnetic field [1,2] , electric field [3] , temperature [4][5][6][7] , and stress [8] . With the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution, high sensitivity, stable signal, and quantum performance at room temperature, NV color centers can provide an effective means of characterization in a variety of fields, including biomedicine [9] , dark matter [10] , electrochemical signals [11] , etc.…”

Thermally-Polarized Solid-State Spin Sensor

“…While performance now rivals atomic-based sensors [44][45][46][47][48][49], solid-state systems still maintain much of the complexity of their atomic counterparts [49]. Whether measuring electromagnetic fields, temperature, or time [49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57], spin sensors perform three primary processes [44,49]: quantum state initialization, interaction with the environment, and readout. Initialization has seen little recent development and is nearly universally achieved optically [22].…”