A robust bidirectional low-velocity probe for flame and fire application

McCaffrey, B. J.; Heskestad, Gunnar

doi:10.1016/0010-2180(76)90062-6

Cited by 225 publications

(182 citation statements)

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“…The velocities of the hot gases in the air intake and along the façade by the use of bi-directional probes (BD-probes) [7,8], were estimated in test A and B, respectively. The BD-probes are placed in the airintake and symmetrically, test A at the lower edge of the lower and upper window, test B, see Figure 5.…”

Section: Velocity Measurements Using Bd-probesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Façade fire tests – measurements and modeling

Anderson

Jansson

2013

MATEC Web of Conferences

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Abstract. In two recent papers [1,2] the fire dynamics in a test rig for façade constructions according to the test method SP Brand 105 [3,4] was investigated both experimentally and numerically. The experimental setup simulates a three-story apartment building (height 6.7 m, width 4 m and depth 1.6 m), with external wall-cladding and a "room fire" at the base. The numerical model was developed in the CFD program Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) [5] with analogous geometry and instrumentation. The general features of the fire test were well reproduced in the numerical model however temperatures close to the fire source could not be properly accounted for in the model. In this paper the bi-directional probe measurements are elaborated on and the test used in Ref.[1] is revisited using different heat release rates in the numerical model. The velocity of the hot gases along the façade was well reproduced by the simulations although some deviations were found.

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Section: Velocity Measurements Using Bd-probesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is done as it is very difficult to model the flame suppressing lattice in the fire tray. Furthermore, we investigate the flow speed along the façade measured by bidirectional probes [7]. The mathematical procedure for converting the measured pressure differences in the bidirectional probes to flow velocities from Ref.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Façade fire tests – measurements and modeling

Anderson

Jansson

2013

MATEC Web of Conferences

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“…A number of different instruments were used to determine the HRR: five bi-directional pressure difference probes (McCaffrey and Heskestad [5]) each connected to a Furness mod FC0332 instrument; twelve thermocouples of type K with 0.25 mm diameter; two oxygen (O 2 ) analyzers of type PMA 10 and one of type Siemens Oxymat (lowest one); and two carbon dioxide (CO 2 )/carbon monoxide (CO) analyzers of type BINOS. The gas velocity was also measured 50 m upstream of the fire, 3 m above the road surface.…”

Section: Runehamar Tunnel Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where k(Re) is a correction coefficient given by McCaffrey and Heskestad [5] which depends on the Reynolds number (Re). From the calibration curve presented by McCaffrey and Heskestad it is observed that k(Re) is constant at 1.08 for Reynolds number greater than 2000.…”

Section: Runehamar Tunnel Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acoustic Considerations Regarding Pulsations During Large-scale Fire Tests In A Tunnel

Lönnermark¹,

Ingason²

2005

Fire Safety Science - Proceedings of the Eigth International Sy

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Large-scale fire tests have been carried out with Heavy Goods Vehicle (HGV) cargos in the Runehamar tunnel in Norway. During two of the fire tests, large pulsations of the gas flow inside the tunnel occurred. These pulsations were registered only when the measured heat release rates (HRR) were higher than 125 MW -135 MW. Two different periods of the pulsations were registered, short periods of about 4 s and longer periods of approximately 18 s. In the article, the pulsations are presented and some plausible explanations are given, using an acoustic approach. There are several factors that can affect the pulsations, e.g., the size of the experimental set-up, the size of the fire, the thermal expansion at the site of the fire, the slope of the tunnel, the wind outside the tunnel, etc., but the calculations show that the oscillation periods are properties of the system, and can be what is referred to as thermoacoustic instabilities.

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“…a laboratory minicomputer. Flow rates in the exhaust stream were determined using a bidirectional low-velocity probe, as described by McCaffrey and Heskestad (1976), and which is accurate to within 10%. Loss of fuel mass during burning was measured using a Toledo scale model 8132 whch was placed under the platform or the assembly containing the fuel.…”

Section: Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoke Emission Factors from Medium-Scale Fires: Part 1

Brown

Dod

Mowrer

et al. 1989

Aerosol Science and Technology

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The concept of "nuclear winter" has been postulated with a number of assumptions regarding the smoke produced by post-nuclear-exchange fires. Whether nuclear winter would occur in the aftermath of a nuclear exchange depends largely on the quantity and character of smoke generated, its distribution in the atmosphere, and its optical characteristics. Since most of the current information is derived from small-scale experiments with little or no correlating data for larger scales on the order of actual buildings, a series of 11 medium-scale experiments with representative urban fuels, such as wood and asphalt roofing shingles, have been conducted. The effects of different combustion conditions resulting from differences in fuel composition, geometry, and ventilation have been investigated. The present state of knowledge regarding smoke production from building fires is briefly reviewed and placed into the nuclear winter framework. Plywood sheets were burned in a parallel plate configuration, a geometry in which fuel specimens create their own environment independent of the larger surroundings. Wood cribs were burned in fully and underventilated conditions. Asphalt roofing shingles were burned under conditions representing the burning of a roof with the impingement of an external flame. The conduct of the experiments is described where mass loss of fuel during burning, the rate of heat release by oxygen depletion calorimetry, and the effective heat of combustion were determined as a function of time. The mass of smoke and the particle size distribution in each experiment were determined by sampling the aerosol particulate in the exhaust duct which captured all the effluent from the burning material. Reproducibility of the combustion parameters measured during the experiments is good, and where possible, they compare favorably with values in the literature. The influence of the combustion conditions on soot loading and character is discussed. The implications of the measurements are discussed in the context of nuclear winter to relate the results of medium-scale fire experiments to characteristics of fires after nuclear blasts. The measurement of the smoke particulate and its characterization are described in an accompanying paper.

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A robust bidirectional low-velocity probe for flame and fire application

Cited by 225 publications

References 0 publications

Façade fire tests – measurements and modeling

Façade fire tests – measurements and modeling

Acoustic Considerations Regarding Pulsations During Large-scale Fire Tests In A Tunnel

Smoke Emission Factors from Medium-Scale Fires: Part 1

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