“…An increased rate of CIED infection in the United Kingdom was also reported. 4 Previous studies showed risk factors associated with CIED infection included early CIED re-intervention, 5,6 postoperative hematoma, 7-9 CIED replacement, [9][10][11] more complex CIED, 6,12,13 use of temporary pacemaker prior to implantation, 5,9 a large number of prior procedures, 5 prior CIED infection, 14,15 lack of proper preoperative antibiotics, 14 longer procedure time, 6,14 fever or systemic infection, 5,14 chronic kidney disease, 6,14,16,17 hemodialysis, 6 chronic skin disease, 14 corticosteroid treatment, 9 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 9,14,15 diabetes, 9,14 malignancy, 14 male gender, 10,16 and younger age. 10,12 In western countries, gram-positive cocci are major types of CIED infection (from 67.5% of patients to 92.5% of isolates across ten studies).…”