“…While these glycans are comprised exclusively of glucose, they can be structurally diverse, and four distinct families were defined based on variations in chain length, glycosyl linkage, branching pattern, and presence of modifications (1). In addition, periplasmic glucans were reported to be important for biofilm development (3), antibiotic resistance (4), host-pathogen and plant-microbe interactions (5)(6)(7)(8)(9), as well as intracellular multiplication (10). Free oligosaccharides (fOS) have also been described in mammalian cells, yeast, plants, and fish (11).…”