“…Brouwer (2005) explains that “counterpublics emerge when social actors perceive themselves to be excluded from or marginalized within mainstream or dominant publics and communicate about that marginality or exclusion.” (p. 197) Counterpublics engage in internal and external communication because participants “need to speak among themselves in moments of retreat, regrouping, reflection, or rejuvenation, in preparation for or anticipation of engagements with other publics” (Brouwer, 2005, p. 197). Studying counterpublics, scholars have considered how people have sought to overcome exclusions based on race, gender, class, sexuality, ethnicity, and other factors (see, for example, Chávez, 2011; Dolber, 2011; Dunn, 2010; Squires, 2001; Stillion Southard, 2015)…”