A Rhesus Monkey Model of Self-Injury: Effects of Relocation Stress on Behavior and Neuroendocrine Function

Davenport, Matthew D.; Lutz, Corrine K.; Tiefenbacher, Stefan; Novak, Melinda A.; Meyer, Jerrold S.

doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.10.025

Cited by 138 publications

(133 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…The hair sampling technique has been available in rhesus macaques (36,34,37) and is a unique tool for assessing longterm changes in HPA system activity (36). In fact, hair cortisol represents the cumulative secretion of cortisol over months and is not affected by circadian rhythms or other factors.…”

Section: Xiaolimentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal separation produces lasting changes in cortisol and behavior in rhesus monkeys

Feng

Wang

Yang

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

142

101

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Maternal separation (MS), which can lead to hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis dysfunction and behavioral abnormalities in rhesus monkeys, is frequently used to model early adversity. Whether this deleterious effect on monkeys is reversible by later experience is unknown. In this study, we assessed the basal hair cortisol in rhesus monkeys after 1.5 and 3 y of normal social life following an early separation. These results showed that peer-reared monkeys had significantly lower basal hair cortisol levels than the mother-reared monkeys at both years examined. The plasma cortisol was assessed in the monkeys after 1.5 y of normal social life, and the results indicated that the peak in the peer-reared cortisol response to acute stressors was substantially delayed. In addition, after 3 y of normal social life, abnormal behavioral patterns were identified in the peer-reared monkeys. They showed decreases in locomotion and initiated sitting together, as well as increases in stereotypical behaviors compared with the mother-reared monkeys. These results demonstrate that the deleterious effects of MS on rhesus monkeys cannot be compensated by a later normal social life, suggesting that the effects of MS are long-lasting and that the maternal-separated rhesus monkeys are a good animal model to study early adversity and to investigate the development of psychiatric disorders induced by exposure to early adversity.

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Section: Xiaolimentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal separation produces lasting changes in cortisol and behavior in rhesus monkeys

Feng

Wang

Yang

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

142

101

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“…The extraction and assay procedures were validated in part by demonstrating that serial dilutions of extracts from monkey hair samples yielded EIA readings that closely paralleled the readings obtained from authentic CORT standards. We then showed that hair CORT (in addition to plasma and salivary CORT) was sensitive to the major life stressor of an administratively mandated relocation of the monkeys to new housing quarters 4,5 . The present paper provides a detailed account of the methods used routinely in our laboratory to process human and monkey hair samples and to extract and analyze CORT from such samples.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Extraction and Analysis of Cortisol from Human and Monkey Hair

Meyer

Novak

Hamel

et al. 2014

JoVE

134

151

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The stress hormone cortisol (CORT) is slowly incorporated into the growing hair shaft of humans, nonhuman primates, and other mammals. We developed and validated a method for CORT extraction and analysis from rhesus monkey hair and subsequently adapted this method for use with human scalp hair. In contrast to CORT "point samples" obtained from plasma or saliva, hair CORT provides an integrated measure of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) system activity, and thus physiological stress, during the period of hormone incorporation. Because human scalp hair grows at an average rate of 1 cm/month, CORT levels obtained from hair segments several cm in length can potentially serve as a biomarker of stress experienced over a number of months.In our method, each hair sample is first washed twice in isopropanol to remove any CORT from the outside of the hair shaft that has been deposited from sweat or sebum. After drying, the sample is ground to a fine powder to break up the hair's protein matrix and increase the surface area for extraction. CORT from the interior of the hair shaft is extracted into methanol, the methanol is evaporated, and the extract is reconstituted in assay buffer. Extracted CORT, along with standards and quality controls, is then analyzed by means of a sensitive and specific commercially available enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kit. Readout from the EIA is converted to pg CORT per mg powdered hair weight. This method has been used in our laboratory to analyze hair CORT in humans, several species of macaque monkeys, marmosets, dogs, and polar bears. Many studies both from our lab and from other research groups have demonstrated the broad applicability of hair CORT for assessing chronic stress exposure in natural as well as laboratory settings. Video LinkThe video component of this article can be found at

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“…Cortisol and corticosterone are the endogenous glucocorticoids in humans and rodents, respectively (Terao and Katayama 2016), and the major glucocorticoid hormone in birds is corticosterone (Holmes and Phillips 1976). Cortisol has long been considered to be a reliable physiological measure of the stress response in domestic mammals such as guinea pigs (Kunzl et al 2003), pigs (Turner et al 2005), sheep (Smith and Dobson 2002), goats (Aoyama et al 2008), cows (Christison and Johnson 1972) and horses (Visser et al 2008) and in wild mammals, e.g., Antechinus (Bradley et al 1980), Macaca (Davenport et al 2008), Odocoileius (Millspaugh et al 2002), Peromyscus (Hayssen et al 2002), Procavia , Puma (Bonier et al 2004), Saimiri (Lyons et al 1995) and Spermophilus (Mateo 2008;Delehanty and Boonstra 2009). The stress response in vertebrates, mediated by the HPA axis, involves the release of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) into the blood stream, which in turn acts on the adrenal cortex to activate the secretion of glucocorticoids (Tsigos and Chrousos 2002).…”

Section: Stress Hormonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of cortisol in dog hair - a potential biomarker of chronic stress: a review

Mesarčová¹,

Kottferová²,

Skurková³

et al. 2017

Vet. Med.

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Cortisol, which is produced in the adrenal glands, is an endogenous glucocorticoid hormone that delivers its hormonal message to cells by acting on glucocorticoid receptors. It is one of the main stress hormones responsible for stress responses in animals and humans, and its overproduction is characteristic of certain diseases. While acute stress disorder can be evaluated by means of measuring the cortisol concentration in blood and urine, chronic stress disorder can be detected by monitoring the cortisol concentration in fur or hair. Hair collection is simple, inexpensive and non-invasive, and can be performed easily and rapidly; thus, it appears to be a suitable method for determining the level of stress in dogs from shelters, abused dogs or dogs involved in different types of animal interactions. Since it is a relatively new method, monitoring cortisol in hair or fur requires further research in order to definitively prove its efficacy, and possibly to determine reference range values for different breeds of dogs.

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A Rhesus Monkey Model of Self-Injury: Effects of Relocation Stress on Behavior and Neuroendocrine Function

Cited by 138 publications

References 50 publications

Maternal separation produces lasting changes in cortisol and behavior in rhesus monkeys

Maternal separation produces lasting changes in cortisol and behavior in rhesus monkeys

Extraction and Analysis of Cortisol from Human and Monkey Hair

Analysis of cortisol in dog hair - a potential biomarker of chronic stress: a review

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