A Revolution in Favor of Government

Abstract

In this new interpretation of America's origins, the author argues that during the Constitutional debates, the Federalists were primarily concerned with building a state able to act vigorously in defense of American national interests. By transferring the powers of war making and resource extraction from states to the national government, the US Constitution created a nation‐state invested with all the important powers of Europe's eighteenth‐century “fiscal‐military states.” However, the political traditions and institutions of America, whose people had a deeply ingrained distrust of unduly concentrated authority, were incompatible with a strong centralized government based on the European pattern. To secure the adoption of the Constitution, the Federalists needed to build a very different state – they had to accommodate the formation of a powerful national government to the strong current of anti‐statism in the American political tradition. They did so by designing an administration that would be powerful in times of crisis, but would make limited demands on citizens and entailed sharp restrictions on the physical presence of the national government in society. The Constitution was the Federalists’ promise of the benefits of government without its costs – statecraft rather than strong central authority as the solution to governing. The book takes advantage of a newly published edition of the constitutional debates in recovering a neglected strand of Federalist argument, and making a case for rethinking the formation of the federal American state. It is arranged in three main parts: I. Interpreting the Debate over Ratification (four chapters); II. Military Powers (five chapters); and III. Fiscal Powers (five chapters).

United States Expansion and Incorporation in the Long Nineteenth-century

“…The successful incorporation of the West into the United States became possible only after a complete overhaul of the American union, however. 39 The Constitution of 1787 laid the foundations for a stronger central government that could raise taxes and an army and gave Congress the power to 'make all needful Rules and Regulations' respecting U.S. territories (Art. 3, sect.…”

The Revolutionary Transformation of American Merchant Networks: Carter and Wadsworth and Their World, 1775–1800

“…In order to build a viable fi scal-military state and maintain independence on the world stage, American politicians-Alexander Hamilton foremost among them-actively sought to construct new fi nancial institutions, and to create a class of national creditors whose interests would become entwined with those of the United States. 90 While Hamilton had many political opponents, as secretary of the treasury in the new government he had the support of George Washington, as well as powerful interests in the mercantile community. By the middle of the 1790s, he had created a dramatically new landscape of American fi nance.…”

Local Rail Innovations: Antebellum States and Policy Diffusion

“…19 Finally, the antebellum national state possessed the traditional state powers of being able to maintain a peacetime army and exert broad taxation. 20 While this range of powers was not fully deployed in the early days of the Republic, they nonetheless speak to a strong, capable national administration.…”