A REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF THE TACHYDROMIINE FLY GENUS<i>STILPON</i>LOEW (DIPTERA: EMPIDOIDEA)

Cumming, Jeffrey M.; Cooper, Bruce E.

doi:10.4039/ent124951-6

Cited by 15 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Note that Xylophagomorpha and Vermileonidae also have state 1 (ci = 0.5). Number of instars: (0) more than three (usually four to six); (1) three. Synapomorphy of the Eremoneura (McAlpine 1989: 1402; Cumming & Cooper 1992: 95; Cumming et al . 1995: character F; Ferrar 1987: 13–16) (ci = 1.0). Biology: (0) free living; (1) ectoparasitic; (2) endoparasitic on insects; (3) endoparasitic on spiders.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Number of instars: (0) more than three (usually four to six); (1) three. Synapomorphy of the Eremoneura (McAlpine 1989: 1402; Cumming & Cooper 1992: 95; Cumming et al . 1995: character F; Ferrar 1987: 13–16) (ci = 1.0).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… Female abdominal tergite 9: (0) present; (1) absent. Synapomorphy of the Eremoneura (Griffiths 1983: 484; Cumming & Cooper 1992: 954; Cumming et al . 1995: character B) (ci = 1.0). Acanthophorites: (0) absent; (1) present.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relationships of extant lower Brachycera (Diptera): a quantitative synthesis of morphological characters

Yeates

2002

Zoologica Scripta

140

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Relationships of extant lower Brachycera ( Diptera): a quantitative synthesis of morphological characters. -Zoologica Scripta , 31 , 105 -121. With over 80 000 described species, Brachycera represent one of the most diverse clades of organisms with a Mesozoic origin. Larvae of the majority of early lineages are detritivores or carnivores. However, Brachycera are ecologically innovative and they now employ a diverse range of feeding strategies. Brachyceran relationships have been the subject of numerous qualitative analyses using morphological characters. These analyses are often based on characters from one or a few character systems and general agreement on relationships has been elusive. In order to understand the evolution of basal brachyceran lineages, 101 discrete morphological characters were scored and compiled into a single data set. Terminals were scored at the family level, and the data set includes characters from larvae, pupae and adults, internal and external morphology, and male and female terminalia. The results show that all infraorders of Brachycera are monophyletic, but there is little evidence for relationships between the infraorders. Stratiomyomorpha, Tabanomorpha, and Xylophagomorpha together form the sister group to Muscomorpha. Xylophagomorpha and Tabanomorpha are sister groups. Within Muscomorpha, the paraphyletic Nemestrinoidea form the two most basal lineages. There is weak evidence for the monophyly of Asiloidea, and Hilarimorphidae appear to be more closely related to Eremoneura than other muscomorphs. Apsilocephalidae, Scenopinidae and Therevidae form a clade of Asiloidea. This phylogenetic evidence is consistent with the contemporaneous differentiation of the main brachyceran lineages in the early Jurassic. The first major radiation of Muscomorpha were asiloids and they may have diversified in response to the radiation of angiosperms in the early Cretaceous.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relationships of extant lower Brachycera (Diptera): a quantitative synthesis of morphological characters

Yeates

2002

Zoologica Scripta

140

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“…The Hybotidae are also well known for male genital asymmetry. In the subfamily Tachydromiinae all taxa bear asymmetric male terminalia, with the right side enlarged compared to the left side (Chvála, 1975; Cumming & Cooper, 1992). In the genus Stilpon , the epandrium is divided with a small left lamella fused to the hypandrium (Cumming & Cooper, 1992).…”

Section: Insectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The evolution of asymmetric genitalia in spiders and insects

2007

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Asymmetries are a pervading phenomenon in otherwise bilaterally symmetric organisms and recent studies have highlighted their potential impact on our understanding of fundamental evolutionary processes like the evolution of development and the selection for morphological novelties caused by behavioural changes. One character system that is particularly promising in this respect is animal genitalia because (1) asymmetries in genitalia have evolved many times convergently, and (2) the taxonomic literature provides a tremendous amount of comparative data on these organs. This review is an attempt to focus attention on this promising but neglected topic by summarizing what we know about insect genital asymmetries, and by contrasting this with the situation in spiders, a group in which genital asymmetries are rare. In spiders, only four independent origins of genital asymmetry are known, two in Theridiidae (Tidarren/Echinotheridion, Asygyna) and two in Pholcidae (Metagonia, Kaliana). In insects, on the other hand, genital asymmetry is a widespread and common phenomenon. In some insect orders or superorders, genital asymmetry is in the groundplan (e.g. Dictyoptera, Embiidina, Phasmatodea), in others it has evolved multiple times convergently (e.g. Coleoptera, Diptera, Heteroptera, Lepidoptera). Surprisingly, the huge but widely scattered information has not been reviewed for over 70 years. We combine data from studies on taxonomy, mating behaviour, genital mechanics, and phylogeny, to explain why genital asymmetry is so common in insects but so rare in spiders. We identify further fundamental differences between spider and insect genital asymmetries: (1) in most spiders, the direction of asymmetry is random, in most insects it is fixed; (2) in most spiders, asymmetry evolved first (or only) in the female while in insects genital asymmetry is overwhelmingly limited to the male. We thus propose that sexual selection has played a crucial role in the evolution of insect genital asymmetry, via a route that is accessible to insects but not to spiders. The centerpiece in this insect route to asymmetry is changes in mating position. Available evidence strongly suggests that the plesiomorphic neopteran mating position is a female-above position. Changes to male-dominated positions have occurred frequently, and some of the resulting positions require abdominal twisting, flexing, and asymmetric contact between male and female genitalia. Insects with their median unpaired sperm transfer organ may adopt a one-sided asymmetric position and still transfer the whole amount of sperm. Spiders with their paired sperm transfer organs can only mate in symmetrical or alternating two-sided positions without foregoing transfer of half of their sperm. We propose several hypotheses regarding the evolution of genital asymmetry. One explains morphological asymmetry as a mechanical compensation for evolutionary and behavioural changes of mating position. The morphological asymmetry per se is not advantageous, but rather the newly adopted mating po...

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“…Although Smith (1969) briefly treated this species under the genus Stilpon Loew in his monograph on the Empididae of southern Africa, it is evident that he had not seen the type material. The species remained little known until Cumming & Cooper (1992) examined the syntypes and transferred the species to Crossopalpus Bigot, indicating that C. obscuripes (Adams) was allied to C. aenescens (Wiedemann). During preparation of the Hybotidae chapter for the Manual of Afrotropical Diptera (Sinclair & Cumming, accepted), C. obscuripes was re-examined and discovered to be identical to C. aenescens, which was originally described from South Africa.…”

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confidence: 99%

The status of Crossopalpus obscuripes (Adams), a new junior synonym of Crossopalpus aenescens (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Hybotidae: Tachydromiinae)

Cumming

Sinclair

2014

Zootaxa

901

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Adams (1905) described a new species, Stilpon obscuripes, from two female specimens collected near Salisbury, Rhodesia (now Harare, Zimbabwe) by Frank L. Snow. Although Smith (1969) briefly treated this species under the genus Stilpon Loew in his monograph on the Empididae of southern Africa, it is evident that he had not seen the type material. The species remained little known until Cumming & Cooper (1992) examined the syntypes and transferred the species to Crossopalpus Bigot, indicating that C. obscuripes (Adams) was allied to C. aenescens (Wiedemann). During preparation of the Hybotidae chapter for the Manual of Afrotropical Diptera (Sinclair & Cumming, accepted), C. obscuripes was re-examined and discovered to be identical to C. aenescens, which was originally described from South Africa. The Crossopalpus aenescens-group was previously studied by Collin (1960), who recognized four included species, and Smith (1967), who provided a key to the species and illustrations of the male terminalia (i.e., right surstylus) of this complex.

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A REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF THE TACHYDROMIINE FLY GENUSSTILPONLOEW (DIPTERA: EMPIDOIDEA)

Cited by 15 publications

References 9 publications

Relationships of extant lower Brachycera (Diptera): a quantitative synthesis of morphological characters

Relationships of extant lower Brachycera (Diptera): a quantitative synthesis of morphological characters

The evolution of asymmetric genitalia in spiders and insects

The status of Crossopalpus obscuripes (Adams), a new junior synonym of Crossopalpus aenescens (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Hybotidae: Tachydromiinae)

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